SCOLOPACID.E - THE SNIPE FAMILY — TOTANUS. 267 



to the wing ; but the hill is much thicker, and decicIetUy recurved terminally, while it is also 

 longer in proportion to the tarsus. " (llotlis" camsccns is very much like mclanoleuca, hat the 

 same characters which separate the latter from Jkwipes are in this more exaggerated ; the resem- 

 blance, however, being much closer between canescens and melanoleuca than between the latter and 

 jlavipea. T. calidris (L.) is exactly intermediate in form and proportions between " Gam6eH« " 

 melanoleuca omA flavipes. miyacophilus ocliropus has the bill only as long as the tarsus, instead of 

 very much longer, as in all the foregoing species ; but R. soUtarius and li. (jlareola have it shorter, 

 the latter species (the type of llhi/acophllus) dill'ering from the typical species of Totamts (staynatilis 

 and Jlaviprs) in the longer toes, the midtlle toe very nearly equalling the bill in length. Upon the 

 whole the Wood Sandpipers (Rhyacophilus) and the Redshank (Erythroscelus fuscus) seem suffi- 

 ciently different from the species of Totanus to warrant their generic separation, the following 

 being the chief distinctive characters : — 



Totauus. Middle toe not more than half as long as the tarsus ; lull ilecidedly shorter than 

 tar^u- : \. T. sfa(jvatilU ; 2. T. flavipcs ; 3. T. calidris; 4. T. melanoleucus ; 5. T. glottis. 



Rhyacophilus. Middle toe nearly or quite as long as the tarsus : 1. R. glareola; 2. R. soli- 

 taritis ; 'A. R. ochropuii. 



Erythroscelus. Middle toe about half the tarsus ; bill longer than tarsus. Lower parts 

 dusky in adult : 1. E.fuscus. 



Synopsis of the American Species. 



The three American species of Totanus may be distinguished as follows, one of them being a 

 mere straggler from Europe : — 



A« Size large (wing more than T inclies) ; terminal half of bill slightly recurved. 



1. T. uebularius. Entire rump, upper tail-coverts, and lower parts, pure white, without 



markings on the crissum ; wing-coverts unspotted. Wing, 7.00-7.80 ; culmen, 2.15-2.20 ; 

 tarsus, 2.25-2.65 ; middle toe, 1.12-1.30. Hah. Europe ; accidental in Florida? 



2. T. melanoleucus. Rump mottled dusky ; upper tail-coverts white, barred with dusky ; 



wing-coverts spotted with white ; sides, flanks, and lower tail-coverts irregularly barred 

 with dusky. Wing, 7.40-8.00 ; culmen, 2.05-2.40 ; tarsus, 2.35-2.70 ; middle toe, 1.25- 

 1.50. Hah. North America ; Central and South America and West Indies in winter. 

 B. Size small (wing less than 7 inches) ; bill slender, not recurved terminally. 



3. T. flavipes. Colors of T. melanoleucus. Wing, 6.10-6.65; culmen, 1.30-1.55; tarsus, 



2.00-2.15; middle toe, 1.00-1.15. Hah. North America, breeding northward; Central 

 and South America and West Indies in winter. 



Totanus nebularius. 



THE GEEENSHANK. 



Scolopax nebujnrins, Gfnn'ERTIs, in Leeni, Lapp. Beschr. 1767, 251. 



Scolopax glottis, Lath. Synop. Suppl. 1787, 292 (nee Lixx.). 



Totanus glottis, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. IV. 1789-1795, 249. — Keys. & Bl.a.s. Wirb. Ear. 1831, 



72. — ScHLEG. Rev. Crit. 92. —Gray, Gen. B. III. 1849, 573 ; Cat. Brit. B. 1863, 160. — AfD. 



Om. Biog. III. 1835, 483, pi. 269 ; Synop. 1839, 244 ; B. Am. V. 1842, 321, pi. 346. — PvIdgw. 



Norn. N. Am. B. 1881, no. 547. — CouE.?, Check List, 2d ed. 1882, no. 635. 

 Scolopax canescens, Gmel. S. N. I. 1788, 668. 

 " Glottis cancsceiis, .Strickl." (Gray). 



Scolopax io/amis, Lixx. S N. c<l. 12, I. 1766, 245 (nee ed. 10, 1758). 

 Limosa, totanus. Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. II. 1831, 183. 

 Totanus jistulans, Bech.st. Naturg. IV. 1809, 241. 

 Totanus griscus, Beghst. t.c. 231. 

 Glottis chloropus, JTilss. Orn. Suec. 11. 1S17-1821, 57. — Boxap. Comp. List, 1S38, 51. — M.\cgill. 



Man. n. 91. 

 Totamis chloropus, M-EYzn & Wolf, Taschb. Vog. Deutschl. II. 1810, 371. — CoUE.s, Key, 1872, 



259 ; Check List, 1873, no. 434. 



