THE DISCOBOLI. 13 



the Thoracici. In the twelfth edition, 1766, he added a third species, 

 C. liparis, the Liparis of Artedi, and transferred the genus to the Am- 

 phibia nantes, where it was retained by Scopoli, 1777. By Gmelin, 1789, 

 it was replaced in the Branchiostegi, as enlarged by the addition of Mor- 

 myrus, Tetrodon, Diodon, Syngnathus, Pegasus, and Centriscus. This 

 author brought together in the genus five of the species still recognized 

 as Discoboles : lumpus, spinosus, ventricosus, gclatinosus, and liparis. The 

 genus Cyclopterus was adopted from the first by Artedi, Gronow, Scopoli, 

 Forster, Gouan, Bloch, and others. Klein, 1744, gave it the name Oncotion. 

 La Cepede, 1800, divided it into two subgenera, calling them first and 

 second ; the former contained C. lumpus, C. spinosus, C. minutus, and 

 C. gelatinosus, with Gobiesocida? ; the latter, C. liparis and C. lineatus. 

 Rafinesque, 1815, gives three names to what was known of the Cj-clopteri 

 by previous authors, Lumpus, Cyclopterus, and Liparius ; but his sub- 

 divisions amount to nothing, being without characterization. Oken, 1816, 

 makes three subgenera of the genus, or four, counting Cyclopterus as 

 one; to do this he uses Liparis Art., Lepadogaster Gouan, 1770, and Gobie- 

 sox La Cepede, 1800. Cuvier, 1817, removing the Gobiesoces, retains in 

 the genus the subgenera Cyclopterus and Liparis; Bonaparte, 1831, has 

 the same arrangement. Nilsson, 1832, retains the subgenera, but changes 

 one of their names to Lumpus. Storer, 1839, uses Lumpus for the name 

 of the genus, and Cyclopterus for the subgenus. Fleming, 1822, restored 

 both Liparis and Cyclopterus to full generic rank, and retained in each 

 the typical species only. 



Cycloptcridce. — This family, as established by Bonaparte, 1831, contained 

 the Gobiesoces with Cyclopterus and Liparis. It was an improvement on 

 Cuvier's family, the Discoboles, 1817, because it no longer was burdened 

 with Echeneis and Ophicephalus. Rafinesque's family, Plecopodia, 1S15, 

 was still more comprehensive than that of Cuvier, since it included the 

 Gobiidoe, with others not retained by the latter ; it was formed by 

 uniting the Plecopodes of Dumeril, 1806, with the Plecopteres of the 

 same author. Dumeril's Teleobranches Plecopteres contained Cyclopterus 

 and Lepadogaster. Rafinesque's Plecopodia comprised the genera Gobius, 

 Plecopodus (Gobioides LaC), Lepadogaster, Piescephalus, Cyclopterus, 

 Lumpus, and Liparius. Bonaparte, 1837, in his Systema Vertebratorum, 

 made the Cycloptcridce the first family of his order Cycloidei ; he also 



