524 



THE DIVING BIRDS — PYGOPODES. 



Fratercula arctic a. 



THE COMMON PUFFIN. 



Akaarclica, LiNN. S. N. I. 1758, 13, no. 3; cd. 12, I. 1766, 211, no. 3. 



Fratercula arclica, Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. XIII. 1825, 37. — CouE.s, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1808, 



21 ; Key, 1872, 340; Check List, 1873, no. 618; ed. 2, 1882, no. 854. — Buueau, Bull. Soc. 



Zool. France, 1878, pi. iv. figs. 1-5. — Ridgw. Nom. N. Am. B. 1881, no. 743. 

 Mormon arctica, Naum. Isis, 1321, 783, pi. 7, figs. 5-7. — Nurr. Man. II. 1834, 548. — Aud. Orn. 



Biog. III. 1835, 105, pi. 213; oct. ed. VII. 184, ph 464. —Cass, in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 



903. — Baird, Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, no. 715. 

 Mormon fratercula, Temm. Man. 1820, 933. —Gould, B. Eur. V. 1837, pi. 403. 

 Alca dclda, BrUnn, Orn. Bor. 1764, 25, no. 104 (= young). 

 Alca labradoria, Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 550, no. 6 (= young). 

 Mormon polaris, Breiim, Isis, 1826, 985. 

 Mormon Grahw, Breiim, Vog. Deutschl. 1831, 999. 



Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, as far as Southern Greenland ; south in winter 

 to Atlantic States, and breeding as far south as France and the Bay of Fundy. 



Sp. Char. Adult, in hreediwj-season : Pileuin fuliginous-dusky, inclining to brownish slate, 

 darker along the lateral margin, lighter anteriorly, the forehead sometimes almost ashy ; rest of 

 the head, including chin and throat, light ashy, the throat with a darker suffusion on each side ; 

 broad collar across foreneck fuliginous-dusky, growing gradually black on sides of neck, the nape 



^^^1^ 



/'''. arctica, winter adult. 



and entire upper parts uniform deep black. Lower parts white, the sides (beneath wings) gray- 

 ish fuliginous ; lining of wings light smoky gray. " Bill with the basal rim and the first ridge 

 of the upper mandible dull yellow, the intervening space grayish blue ; basal margin of lower 

 mandible bright red ; first ridge and intervening space as in the upper, the rest bright red 

 (carmine tinged with vermilion) ; membrane at the base of the gape gamboge-yellow, inside of 

 mouth, and tongue, yellow ; edges of eyelids vermilion, horny appendages of eyelids grayish blue ; 

 iris light blue ; feet vermilion, claws black "^ (rVuDUBON). Adult, winter plumage: Similar to 



1 ^^ Adult (hreeding-plumaqe). — Iris hazel-brown. Eyelids vermilion -red, fleshy callosities bluish ash. 

 Base of bill and first ridge dull yellowish, the contained space bluish, rest of bill vcrmilion-red, the tip of 

 the lower mandible and the two terminal grooves yellowish. Legs and feet coral-red, claws black" 

 (Coues). 



