H.— ANTHROPOLOGY 175 



as also the practice of boxing with the feet.^^' Peg-tops ^'* are used by 

 children, who also amuse themselves in making clay figurines of cattle 

 very much like those of the Angami.^^^ The hearth-stone is made pre- 

 cisely as in the Naga hills, with a trivet of three stones erected in a clay 

 base and screened above by a two-decker bamboo shelf.^*" The method 

 of pounding paddy ^*^ and the patterns of piston bellows ^^'^ and ' rat 

 protectors ' ^^^ under granaries are typically Indonesian, extending like- 

 wise to Assam, and the use of ' house-horns ' (Hova tandro-trano, Angami 

 ki-ka, with precisely the same meaning, though the Sema word means 

 ' snail horns ') ornamented with wooden birds is typically Angami 

 (Dzunokeheno). While the Y-shaped posts erected (e.g.) as a circum- 

 cision memorial in Madagascar,^^^ and associated therefore with fertility 

 rites, are familiar among all Naga tribes,^*^ the Betsileo apparently 

 crown their stone monoliths with iron horns. ^^^ Typically Angami also 

 are the stone-revetted irrigated terraces for growing rice,^^'' while in 

 Madagascar channels are used to carry liquid manure from the village 

 midden to the terraces ^^^ exactly as they are in some villages of the 

 Dzunokeheno group of the Angami tribe, a group which we have already 

 seen has a particular connection in one or two respects with Fiji and the 

 Marquesas. The use of euphorbia and aloes for hedges ^^® is closely 

 paralleled in the Naga hills and Manipur, and the use in Madagascar of 

 the scarlet lamba ^^° as the insignia of royalty is very suggestive of the 

 same area, even the word lamba being Manipuri as well as Hova. Bark 

 cloth,^'^ it is true, is only paralleled in the Garo hills in Assam, but, like 

 the use of spiders ^®^ as food, is perhaps not an entirely fortuitous coincid- 

 ence. In both areas ownership is indicated by a bunch of grass on a 

 reed, and as in Fiji again a path is barred by throwing down a bunch of 

 leaves.^^^ The use of a stone as a weapon, not thrown but held in the 

 hand,^^* perhaps seems an obvious means of damaging an opponent, yet 

 in twenty years I do not remember any case of its use in any Naga tribe 

 except the Angami ; the Angami have just the clan antagonism reported 

 of Madagascar,^^^ and when a wooden utensil or tree is being dragged to 

 the village a young buck will jump on to it and shout and gesticulate to 

 urge on the pullers, exactly as Ellis describes ^^® in that island. But for 



1" Sibree, 32 ; Osborn, 356 ; Hutton, II, 109. 



1" Sibree, 32 ; Hutton, I, 104 ; II, 105 sq. ; Mills, I, 84 ; Shaw, 158. 

 •'* Sibree, 32 ; Hutton, I, 55. 



i'" Ellis, II, 447 ; Sibree, 7 ; Hutton, I, 53 ; II, 39 ; X, 67 sq. ; Parry, 69. 

 I'l Ellis, I, 203 ; Parry, 133 ; Smith, 30 ; Peal. 



"2 Peal ; Ellis, I, 308 ; Sibree, 331 ; Wake, 26 ; Hutton, I. 63 ; II, 52 

 Smith, 144, 159 ; Parry, 107. 



"^ Peal. 184 Sibree, 3, 298, 319. 



"5 Hutton, III. 188 Wake, 27. 



18' Ellis, II, 247, 445, 448 ; Sibree, 21 ; Hutton, I, 72. 



188 Osborn, 281. 



189 Osborn, 419 ; Ellis, II, 444 ; Sibree, 58, 65, 105. 

 19" Osborn, 194. 



191 Sibree, 330 ; Walker, G. D., 1927, Man, 5. 



192 Sibree, 344 ; Hutton, I, 95. 



198 Sibree, 172 ; Hutton, II, 68 ; I, 293. 



19* Ellis, II, 270 ; Hutton, V, 72. 



I"' Ellis, II, 274 ; Hutton, I. 109. i98 Ellis, II, 478. 



