SCIENCE IN ADULT EDUCATION 311 



(b) The Races of the Old World. — Man learns to walk erect on the grass- 

 lands and improves stereoscopic vision. Woman increases material activities 

 and duties (babies helpless till they can walk, a long process of learning). 

 Spread of man (a) into equatorial Africa and consequent adaptations — the 

 dark glistening skin with large sweat glands, the lips and nose ; (6) into 

 Central and East Central Asia, related features the dry yellow-brown skin 

 with few pores and so on ; (c) into Europe with neither of these lines of 

 specialisation strongly marked, but a tendency to lose pigment. 



Note remnants of ' early ' groups of mankind in far corners — Bushmen 

 of S.W. Africa, Australians, Tasmanians, etc., and in equatorial forests 

 (Pigmies). 



(c) Society and Liberty. — The routine of agriculture (see (a) ) accom- 

 panied by Fertility Rituals. The conquest of one people by another, 

 especially tillers by herders. The co-existence of two strongly contrasted 

 traditions side by side leads to comparisons and reflections and so to 

 emancipation of some minds from domination by ritual. Rise of ' prophets ' 

 and ethical and philosophical teaching within a few centuries more or less 

 independently in China, India, Iran, Israel and Greece. 



(d) The Nation. — Emergence of a consciousness of kinship beyond the 

 local community, importance of a common cradle language and a common 

 ruler, influence of a common struggle against foes. S.E. England and 

 France (Paris Basin) with easy communications, suitable for relatively 

 rapid development of national idea with more centralisation, as time went 

 on, in Paris, then to London. Reasons of both physical geography and 

 tradition for later development in Germany and Italy. 



(e) What is a Peasantry ? — The local almost self-sufficing agricultural 

 community and its more rapid transformation in the West. Land tenure and 

 growth of individual property in land . Decline of homecrafts in the West. 

 Greater persistence of homecrafts and peasant life in East Central Europe. 



(/) The Idea of the City. — Origin in Mesopotamia and Egypt (see (a) ). 

 Transplantation of such a complex set of ideas necessarily slow. Reaches 

 Aegean and India about 3000 B.C. and China perhaps a little later. Reaches 

 W. Mediterranean after 1000 B.C. Gaul under the Romans, Germany East 

 of Rhine, North of Danube in the Middle Ages — and so on. Transplanta- 

 tion made much more rapid and easy with rise of large ships and machinery. 



{Note. — Most of these courses could be combined and expanded into three 

 year courses, e.g. (a) and (b) could be interwoven and would make a three 

 year course and could include discussion of the Jews and the Nordic Idea. 



(a), (c) and (e) could be interwoven as a study of agriculture leading on to 

 a comparison especially of Intertropical Africa, India, China, Japan and 

 Europe including U.S.S.R. 



Portions of (a), (d), (e), (/) could be linked up in a study of the evolution 

 of British Life with a class interested in archaeological work. 



Portions of (d), (e), (/) could be expanded into a review of International 

 Problems in Europe. 



Another profitable line would be the Spread of European peoples over 

 the New World (three year course), contrasting Spanish, Portuguese and 

 Anglo-Saxon schemes and referring to the peoples of older standing in the 

 Americas. 



The Arctic Peoples ; Social Hierarchies ; Phases of Maritime Commerce ; 

 Features of International Trade especially connected with International 

 capitalism, and so on, are all possibilities.) 



Prof. H. J. Fleure. 



