SCIENCE IN ADULT EDUCATION 329 



(i) In slow normal adaptation to reality by sublimation and intellectual 

 freedom The necessary conditions of this adaptation in relation to 

 (a) Economic life : the problem of vocational guidance. 

 {b) Social life, leisure and recreation ; the adolescent's need of 

 romance, adventure, art and free social intercourse. 

 Practical considerations. 



(2) In withdrawal from reality — the psycho-neuroses and their 

 mechanisms. 



(3) In outer defiance — the ' runaway tendency ' ; juvenile faults and 

 delinquencies. 



(4) In religious experience — the psychological meaning of ' conversion.' 



B. Special Problems of Adolescence. 



(i) The psychology of the criminal and of the juvenile delinquent. 



(a) The adult criminal. Methods of individual study ; Lombroso's 

 pioneer work ; modern psychological technique ; mental tests of 

 level of intelligence and of special abilities ; sensory and motor 

 functions, memory, judgment, languages, etc. ; the analysis of 

 mental conflicts and repressions ; psychic defects and aberrations. 

 Correlations with frequency of anatomical and physiological 

 peculiarities ; medical data. Is there a ' criminal type ' ? The 

 relation between criminality and alcoholism, insanity, epilepsy, 

 mental deficiency and other nervous disorders. 



The characteristics of the ' instinctive criminal ' psycho- 

 analysis and ' moral imbecility.' Criminal art, language and 

 literature. The problem of the recidivist is mainly one of educa- 

 tion, and starts from the abnormal psychology of adolescence. 

 The urgent need for psychological treatment of first offenders and 

 probationers, and for psychological training of all who deal with 

 juvenile delinquents. 



(b) The young delinquent. The many factors involved ; methods of 

 psychological and social study ; hereditary conditions ; the home ; 

 poverty and defective family relationships ; social life ; companion- 

 ships, leisure and work : physical factors of development and 

 disease ; intellectual factors : mental deficiency, dullness and 

 super-normal ability : emotional factors and neuroses ; methods 

 of treatment and re-education ; Juvenile Courts ; the probation 

 system ; Home Office schools and Borstal. 



(2) The psychology of religious experiences. 



This special problem deserves to be taken up in detail and considered 

 from a wider angle. 



//. The Psychology of Religion. 



What is the fundamental nature of religion, psychologically considered ? 

 There is no evidence of a ' religious instinct ' nor a ' religious sense.' 

 Discussion of the following views : 



(a) Religion is thought, about the Infinite and Absolute (Spencer). 



(b) Neither thinking nor acting, but intuition and feeling ; a feeling of 

 absolute dependence upon God (Schleiermacher). 



(c) It involves both thought and feeling in a mode of behaviour, a practical 

 relation with spiritual powers (Leuba). 



{d) A valuational attitude (King). 



(e) A desire to get into touch with and absorb the power of the final 

 mysteries (Marett). 

 (/) At the least, a belief in spiritual beings (Tylor). 



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