132 SECTIONAL ADDRESSES 
to have lived under congenial conditions, though they were very different 
from those under which the African lion exists to-day. 
The hippopotamus, which is also at present an African animal, arrived 
in Europe probably before man, but it survived during the early part 
of the Pleistocene period when man was here. Even if it did not originate 
in Asia, it was in India nearly in its present form when the Siwalik rocks 
were deposited. It may therefore have reached Europe from Asia ; and 
recent discoveries in the caves of Syria show that it was also widely dis- 
tributed in the direction of Africa. The occurrence of the animal in 
Europe, even so far north as Yorkshire, has generally been regarded as 
proving that mild conditions, with open waters, prevailed over Europe 
when it lived here. A few years ago, however, Mr. Marius Maxwell 
found in the Lorian Swamp of Kenya Colony a peculiar race of 
hippopotamus which existed in a region of scrub out of reach of water 
in which it could habitually swim. The Pleistocene hippopotamus 
of Europe, therefore, may have been adapted to unusual conditions 
of life. 
It is interesting to observe, in conclusion, that none of the character- 
istically African antelopes occur among the European Pleistocene fauna. 
Remains of the gazelle have been found, but this animal is as much 
Asiatic as African. The Saiga antelope and Nemorhedus, which are 
Asiatic to-day, the one living on steppes, the other on mountains, are the 
only other antelopes which reached Europe in Pleistocene times; and 
Nemorhedus seems to have been the ancestor of the little rock-climbing 
Myotragus, which is now extinct, but has been found in caves in the 
Balearic Isles and perhaps in Sardinia. 
The Pleistocene mammals of Europe, therefore, show that when they 
flourished on this continent, the only direct land communication was 
through Asia. The earliest races of men must have reached western 
Europe by that route ; and as a succession of stone implements, remarkably 
similar to that which is now so well known in Europe, has already been 
found with early Pleistocene faunas in Africa, it might at first be supposed 
that there were parallel migrations of the same men from the Asiatic to 
the African continent. Implements like languages, however, afford no 
certain clue to the races which made and used them, and the same tools 
must have been invented independently more than once. As the late 
Sir Baldwin Spencer remarked, ‘In Australia we have in use at the 
present day a practically complete series of stone implements, represent- 
ing all the various stages of culture known in prehistoric Europe,’ yet all 
these implements are the handiwork of a single race of modern man, 
Homo sapiens, at one and the same time. It is therefore unfortunate 
that hitherto no human remains have been found in undoubted association 
with any of the earliest implements and Pleistocene mammals in Africa. 
Two years ago a committee of geologists which met in Cambridge ex- 
pressed itself as satisfied with evidence which Dr. L. S. B. Leakey sub- 
mitted in order to prove that he had discovered modern types of human 
skull and lower jaw with very primitive implements and early Pleistocene 
mammals in Kenya Colony. In fact, it appeared as if the same types of 
implements in the same geological stage in Europe and Africa had been 
