H.—ANTHROPOLOGY 135 
this way. Two lower teeth and a piece of the lower jaw of a typically 
Pleistocene beaver, found isolated, also seem to be contemporaneous 
with the gravel ; and two teeth of the ordinary Pleistocene Hippopotamus 
appear to be in the same state of mineralisation, and are likewise not 
waterworn. Very similar are the base of an antler of a red deer (Cervus 
elaphus), which is characteristically post-Pliocene, and a piece of the 
metapodial of a small deer which has evidently been broken and scratched 
by man. Most significant of all the fossils which are obviously contem- 
poraneous with the gravel and the human skull, is a piece of bone, 16 in. 
long, which has been worked by man nearly into the shape of the blade 
of a cricket bat. Direct comparison shows that this piece was flaked 
from the middle portion of an elephant’s femur which was about 5 ft. 
in length. It, therefore, represents an elephant larger than the mammoth 
of Middle Pleistocene and later date, and doubtless belongs to one of 
the gigantic Lower Pleistocene elephants, such as FE. meridionalis or 
E. antiquus. 
Highly mineralised and waterworn fragments of teeth of Mastodon and 
Rhinoceros (probably R. etruscus) are exactly like the fossils from the Plio- 
cene Crags of eastern England, and must have been washed out of a local 
Pliocene deposit which has been completely destroyed. With them may 
also be associated some broken fragments of a much mineralised tooth of 
Elephas, which most resembles the Upper Pliocene E. planifrons. The 
fossils clearly contemporaneous with the gravel and with the skull of 
Eoanthropus, therefore, represent a Lower Pleistocene mammalian 
fauna; while the more highly mineralised fragments have been derived 
from an earlier formation. 
If this mammalian fauna be compared with the fossil faunas occurring 
in the terraces on the sides of the valley of the Thames, it is found to agree 
best with that in the ‘ High Terrace’ which remains from 80 to go ft. 
above the present level of the river. This terrace, which is obviously 
older than the ‘Middle Terrace’ where the mammoth and woolly 
rhinoceros are found, is generally admitted to date back to a warm episode 
at the beginning of the Pleistocene period. The Piltdown gravel with 
Eoanthropus, 80 ft. above the present level of the river Ouse in 
Sussex, may thus be ascribed to the same remote date in the history 
of man. 
The lower jaw of Heidelberg man, Homo (or Protanthropus) heidel- 
bergensis, was found in a river deposit at Mauer, near Heidelberg, in direct 
association with mammals which are typically Lower Pleistocene in 
western Europe, though they also include at least two species which are 
survivals from the Upper Pliocene. In this case the mammalian remains 
are numerous and well preserved, so that they can be readily named. If, 
as I suppose, the primitive molar of an elephant at Piltdown is derived 
from an older formation, not contemporaneous with the gravel in which it 
was found, there cannot be much difference in age between Piltdown and 
Heidelberg man. 
The remains of Pithecanthropus were discovered in a river deposit at 
Trinil in Java, which is a very unstable volcanic region on the southern 
