H.—ANTHROPOLOGY 137 
texture of the skull it agrees with Zoanthropus, and differs from all other 
known skulls of men and apes. In its relatively broad base and in the 
shape of the occiput, it also agrees with Eoanthropus. In its lower jaw 
and teeth, it most resembles Homo heidelbergensts. 
It is also interesting to notice that at the east and west extremes of their 
range, these dawn men had attained much the same grade in the habits 
of daily life. Sinanthropus made small stone implements by the rude 
working of flakes, and they are as varied in shape as the implements met 
with in the Mousterian deposits of Europe. He cut deer antlers into short 
lengths, and seems to have used the bases of the antlers as hammers. 
Bits of brain-case seem to have been made into cups ; some of the upper 
jaws were evidently used as files, and some of the lower jaws as small 
picks, with the coronoid process as working tip. The long bones were 
often broken to extract the marrow. Sinanthropus was also acquainted 
with the use of fire, and numerous successive hearths were discovered in 
his dwelling place. oanthropus similarly made rude stone implements 
by the chipping of flakes of varied shape, and he also worked bone in 
such a way as to suggest that he had previously used wood. He also had 
hammer stones, and he split long bones, doubtless for extracting the 
marrow. He was similarly acquainted with the use of fire, as shown 
by the discovery in the Piltdown gravel of charcoal and burnt flints, 
which include stones indistinguishable from the ‘ pot boilers’ of later 
periods. 
Up to the present, unfortunately, the earliest men in other parts of 
Euro-Asia are known only by stone implements, but these are so 
widely scattered that there is an extensive area which may be hopefully 
searched for primitive human remains. The greatest difficulty is one 
which I have already mentioned, the apparent absence of intentional 
burials. 
The next stage in man’s development is much better known, because 
by this time he had learned to bury his dead in security. As examples 
have been found in caves so far apart as France and Palestine, burial had 
doubtless become a general custom. Many whole skeletons are therefore 
available for study. 
This stage is that of Neanderthal or Mousterian man, which is geolo- 
gically the latest to retain several specially ape-like characters associated 
in a single individual. Its Asiatic origin is now still clearer to a palzonto- 
logist than that of earlier man. Burials in caves which seem to be ap- 
proximately of the same date, reveal a comparatively high Neanderthal 
type in Palestine, a low and bestial type in western Europe. On Matthew’s 
principle already mentioned, the first is therefore nearest to the original 
source. The accompanying stone implements support this conclusion, 
for whereas in western Europe the implements are merely trimmed broad 
flakes, in Palestine there are also many narrow blades which resemble 
those made by later (Aurignacian) man in Europe. The Asiatic type of 
Neanderthal man was indeed progressing in skill to meet his increasing 
needs. 
Since 1913 our conception of Neanderthal man has been based on the 
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