H—ANTHROPOLOGY 139 
It is remarkable that very few traces of men who might be related 
to the ancestors of the Australians have hitherto been recognised in their 
homeland in Asia. The skulls of Homo wadjakensis from an old lake 
deposit at Wadjak in Java, discovered and described by Dr. Eugene 
Dubois, may perhaps be placed among them. The skulls named Homo 
(Ffavanthropus) soloensis more recently discovered by Dr. W. F. F. 
Oppenoorth in an old deposit near the Solo river in Java, seem to be 
intermediate between the skulls of Pithecanthropus and the modern 
Australian, though they have not yet been described in detail. As many 
have observed, the skull of Rhodesian man (Homo rhodesiensis) from a cave 
in northern Rhodesia, also exhibits several resemblances to the skull of 
the modern Australian. Other skulls dug up in South Africa have also 
been described as exhibiting Australian characteristics. Sooner or later, 
therefore, fossil ancestral types of Australians will probably be found 
widely distributed in the tropics of the Old World. 
NortH AMERICA. 
In at least part of the first half of the Pleistocene period there must have 
been a direct connection between Asia and North America in the region 
of Behring Straits. There may have been an isthmus of land, or there 
may have been only islands and continuous ice ; but there was certainly 
a passage which allowed such mammals as the mammoth, bison, sheep, 
goat, elk, wapiti, reindeer and black bear to reach America for the first 
time. So far there is no evidence that man accompanied these animals, 
and it may be that by then he had not yet reached the north-east corner 
of Asia. The woolly rhinoceros similarly never passed from Asia to 
America, although it was abundant and widely spread through the northern 
lands in the Old World. Its absence from America shows that in some 
cases there were impediments to emigration. sishs» 
The earliest traces of Paleolithic man hitherto discovered in North 
America date back only to the later part of the Pleistocene period. Last 
year Mr. J. Dorsch, when collecting for Mr. Childs Frick, found at 
Fairbanks, Alaska, some small end-scrapers and conical cores, which 
Dr. N.C. Nelson recognised as identical with those which he had collected 
a few years before in large numbers in the Gobi desert. . These seem to 
have been made by some of the latest Palaeolithic men ; and the only stone 
implements hitherto found in North America in direct association with 
the remains of typically Pleistocene mammals show that, when man 
arrived in that country, he had already learned the supreme art of trimming 
stone by pressure-flaking. In pattern, indeed, his implements resemble 
those of Solutrean man in Europe, and even include the familiar Solutrean 
leaf-shaped blades, besides the characteristic spear points. 
The Yuma points, however, as these American spear points have been 
termed by Prof. E. B. Renaud, of Denver, are accompanied by more 
elaborate points of a peculiar type which has not hitherto been found in 
the Old World. These are known as Folsom points, from Folsom in 
Union County, New Mexico, where they occur associated with the remains 
