SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—E. 397 
SECTION E.—GEOGRAPHY. 
Thursday, September 5. 
PRESIDENTIAL Appress by Prof. F. DEBENHAM, on Some aspects of the 
Polar Regions (10.0). (See p. 79.) 
Mr. R. H. Morrram.—The site and present lay-out of Norwich (11.15). 
(1) The site of Norwich probably represents the best landing place on the 
shores of the East Norfolk estuary during racial migrations. Here the river 
Wensum passes between the sharpest contours of its course, and receives its 
main tributary, the Yare, which gives its name to the combined stream. 
(2) The first settlers. Negligible Roman influence. ‘ Gerguntius.’ 
Saxon Conisford, now King Street, Thorpe and Trowse. First docu- 
mentary evidence, mention of Norwyk in Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. 
(3) The open hundred of Norwich in Domesday and its Danish named 
trackways. What the Normans altered, Castle, Cathedral and Mancroft 
Ward. 
(4) Building of bridges and use of streams by cloth and leather workers 
affects internal development, but main roads retained. 
(5) Thirteenth century fortification further fixes main thoroughfares. 
Exempt jurisdictions and effect of Black Death and Reformation. 
(6) Altered physical conditions revealed by Kett’s Rebellion in 1549. 
Effect of eighteenth century Industrial Era. Nineteenth century changes 
due to making of Cattle Market (1780), Railway (1844) and Trams (1900). 
(7) The twentieth century and the return to the road. The establishment 
of an air port (1933) and regular air services (1935). 
Miss ELLEN M. Hoie.—The industries of Norwich (11.45). 
Norwich, once the third city of the realm, presents a curiously attractive 
mixture of ancient cathedral city and modern industrial town. 
Until the beginning of the nineteenth century her citizens wove home- 
spuns from local wool, while Flemish immigrants had taught them to make 
silk and satin materials. Revolutions and wars in the early nineteenth 
century ruined the weaving industry and spread poverty throughout the 
city. This misery was stemmed by the growth of a second staple industry, 
the making of shoes. 
The present industries of Norwich are determined by the fact that, 
whereas it has neither mineral wealth nor coal, Norfolk is a rich agricultural 
and pastoral county. There are two main types of industries, those which 
obtain their raw materials from farmers, and those which, importing their 
raw materials, manufacture wooden and steel buildings and implements for 
farmers. In both groups are firms which have increased their output far 
beyond local requirements and have gained international repute. 
Norfolk, formerly cut off by Fen and Breck from other populated areas, 
had to develop its own industrial centre. Geographical factors indicated 
Norwich as that centre. Bridge town, river port, focus for roads and rail- 
_ ways, it offers to industry transport facilities and convenient factory sites. 
