SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—E. 403 
sidered under two heads: the technical question, which has of recent years 
been affected by the introduction of and advances in air survey technique. 
The second question is that of general policy, which has been accentuated 
by the rapid development of the country, together with much legislation 
dependent to a large extent on an adequate survey. Revisions may be of 
two types, either cyclic or continuous. The former has been in practice 
in the past. No survey can ever be up to date owing to the time required 
for publication and issue of the actual work to the public. Continuous 
revision will, however, ensure an up-to-date field document which can be 
reproduced and published according to the particular needs of the area 
concerned. 
Dr. Hitpa Ormspy.—The definition of Mitteleuropa and its relation to 
the conception of Deutschland in the teaching of modern German 
geographers (11.30). 
The political idea of a Central Europe, constituting a geographical and 
cultural unity and having Germany as its heart and core, has, from the first, 
received the support of eminent German geographers, whose elaborate, 
albeit varying definitions, supported by geographical arguments are of con- 
siderable interest. Since the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 
and the re-alignment of the boundaries of Germany, a remodelling of the 
formula has been necessary, and the modified conception of Central Europe 
receives a fresh significance in association with a newer conception: that 
of a‘ Deutschland’ which is limited only by the extent of continuous German 
influences, whether expressed in racial characteristics, in language, in cul- 
tural habit or in economic method, or in any combination of these expres- 
sions. The ‘ cultural landscape’ as a basis for geographical study fits in 
aptly in the development of this conception, though the classical method of 
building from the structural and geomorphological basis is also adopted 
where it can be usefully applied. "The German student of geography to-day 
is taught to visualise not the German State, whose boundaries may be only 
ephemeral, but the larger conception of an area coinciding closely with that 
of Central Europe, itself usually envisaged as a conscious entity, with interests 
and cares apart from those of peninsular and continental Europe, and he is 
shown ‘ Deutschtum,’ extending in a wider radius beyond the areas of 
continuous German influences, embracing, as outliers of Deutschland, all 
settlements of German origin or affinities which have become at one time 
or another established in foreign lands. 
Mr. D. 'T. WitLiams.—Linguistic divides in Wales (12.15). 
The maps show that the Welsh language remains the medium of ordinary 
conversation over two-thirds of Wales. Bilingualism is general, but in the 
remote western parts and in the highland parishes monoglot Welsh prevails 
amongst the older people and the younger generation below school age. 
Monoglot English areas are found in the eastern marcher shires and on the 
coastal plain of both South and North Wales. The present linguistic 
distribution is partly the result of historical evolution, especially of the 
Norman and English conquest period, producing anglicised areas in South 
Wales and the Eastern Marches. In North Wales, the castle towns of the 
Edwardian period did not result in anglicisation to any marked degree. 
There has been in recent centuries a movement of Welsh-speaking farmers 
from the hills into the lowlands, but this does not necessarily mean a language 
change in those areas. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries 
extensive linguistic zonal changes occurred, resulting from the migration 
