422 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS .—H. 
remnants of six other individuals from the Mugharet es-Skhil, a complete 
skeleton from et-Tabun and a nearly perfect isolated mandible as well as 
the very fragmentary remains (teeth, carpal bones, a radius) of several 
other human beings from the same cave. ‘This provides, we believe, the 
most abundant and complete representation of a population yet discovered 
In a cemetery of such antiquity. The present report is intended as a pre- 
liminary statement introducing both the interesting character of the 
remains themselves and the no less important problems raised by them. 
The study of this material is a joint enterprise of the Royal College of 
Surgeons of England and the American School of Prehistoric Research. 
The anatomy of these fossils reveals a series of characters which, both in 
combination and singly, leave no doubt that we have to do with a variant 
form of Neanderthal man, but a type which in certain respects exhibits 
features that are comparable to those of the more primitive races of modern 
man. We have also the opportunity of examining changes due to age, 
differences attributable to sex and the ever-present variability inherent in 
any human group from the same locality and period. These considerations 
are to be emphasised at the present time because they bear directly on the 
racial affiliations of Mount Carmel Man. At the same time they serve as 
a means of presenting a brief survey of the nature of the specimens now 
being studied. 
Dr. C. P. Martin.—Irish skulls (4.15). 
Recent discoveries have shown that the racial history of Ireland was very 
similar to that of Great Britain, at least up to the time of the Roman invasion 
of the latter country. The Bronze Age round-headed people, which were 
thought not to have entered Ireland except as stragglers, are now known to 
have invaded the country in considerable numbers. 
The earlier Neolithic inhabitants appear to fall into two groups. The 
first, found in the kitchen middens, belonged to a race similar to Huxley’s 
river-bed type. The second, found in the chambered cairns, belong to 
the Iberian type. The former had long, narrow and high skulls with 
apparently broad faces and noses ; the latter had broader and lower skulls 
and the face and nose were narrow. The Iberians, however, often had 
good sub-nasal fossz and in this were more primitive than the river-bed 
type. 
Many skulls with very broad bases are found among the present inhabi- 
tants of the Western Isles. Skulls with similar broad bases are also found 
among the remains from the Crannogs and the Norsemen. All these people 
were constant sowers and this perhaps develops the neck muscles and leads 
to a broadening of the skull base. 
Friday, September 6. 
Discussion on Mr. F. Reid Moir’s theories concerning the patination of 
eoliths (10.0). 
Mr. A. T. Marston.—Evxhibition of a human occipital bone from Pleistocene 
deposits at Swanscombe, Kent (10.45). 
Dr. GRAHAME CLARK.—A bone find from the North Sea bed (11.0). 
