THE BOTANY OF NORFOLK 25 
junceum and the marram, Ammophila arenaria, with Festuca rubra in many 
places; other grasses include Desmazeria loliacea, Phleum arenarium, 
Poa bulbosa (only in the neighbourhood of Yarmouth, where it is becoming 
rare through town development), Corynephorus canescens (especially on 
the east, where it is perhaps better established than in any other British 
station) ; and Ammophila baltica has been found in a few places. Sand 
sedge, Carex arenaria, is widespread and commonly nibbled short by 
rabbits. 
The early-flowering annuals, Erophila verna, Cerastium tetrandrum and 
C. semidecandrum, appear ephemerally with the moss Tortula ruraliformis 
in sheltered sandy hollows between the marrams. Arenaria peploides, 
Sedum acre, Vicia lathyroides, Lotus corniculatus and Galium verum are 
widespread. Teesdalia nudicaulis, Fasione montana and Ononis repens 
exhibit a more heathy facies on Yarmouth Denes; the admixture of silt 
with the sand south of the town appears to be partly responsible for the 
richness of Trifolium species near the haven, where T. striatum, T. scabrum 
and the rare 7. suffocatum grow in large patches. Sea bindweed, 
Calystegia soldanella, and sea-holly, Eryngium maritimum, are losing 
ground on the east, but are not in danger of extermination elsewhere. 
The sandhills west of Wells have been colonised by Lactuca virosa and 
Cynoglossum officinale. ‘funcus acutus grows only on the mainland border- 
ing Norton Creek, behind Scolt Head. Thalictrum dunense is threatened 
with extinction a little north of Yarmouth. The nearest approach to the 
‘slacks’ of the west coast of England is found near Winterton, where 
hollows protected from the sea by high dunes have developed wet heath 
communities. ‘The common polypody is the only fern well established 
in the sands, occupying mossy shelves and steep slopes in the older 
formations. 
Some typical mosses of this region are Polytrichum piliferum, P. juni- 
perinum, -Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranum scoparium var. orthophyllum, 
Tortula ruraliformis, Bryum pendulum, B. inclinatum, B. pallens, Brachy- 
thecium albicans, Hyphum cupressiforme, Hylocomium splendens, H. squar- 
rosum and H. triquetrum. Rare species confined to the coast are Pleuridium 
axillare at Yarmouth, Rhacomitrium canescens, Trichostomum flavovirens 
and Bryum mamuillatum (found at Hunstanton and only one other station 
in Britain). Liverworts are poorly represented, e.g. by Aneura pinguis 
in a damp hollow at Scolt Head, Lophocolea cuspidata and Cephaloziella 
starket. 
While many of the sand lichens are common to both heaths and dunes, 
viz. Cetraria aculeata, Cladonia furcata, C. foliacea, Peltigera canina, the 
lateral shingle-spits at Scolt and Blakeney provide foothold for several 
saxicolous species, notably Rhizocarpon confervoides, Lecanora atra, 
Placodium lobulatum, Buellia myriocarpa and Verrucaria maura. 
There are few of the larger fungi: of special interest are Tricholoma 
bufonium, Astrosporina maritima, Tulostoma brumale, Gyromitra esculenta 
(all on Scolt Head); Pstlocybe ammophila and Phallus impudicus var. 
tosmos at Yarmouth and Geoglossum difforme at Burnham Overy. Cordyceps 
militaris has been found parasitising fox-moth caterpillars at Winterton. 
The rust Puccinia scheleriana is widespread on ragwort and sand-sedge, 
