46 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF NORWICH AND DISTRICT 
as a refuge for insects driven by migratory impulse from countries on the 
other side of the North Sea. 
Another point worthy of note is the occurrence in the fens of the Yare 
and Bure of the Swallow-tail butterfly (Papilio machaon) in considerable 
numbers ; the food plant of its larva (Peucedanum palustre) grows plenti- 
fully and the only other locality for this insect is Wicken Fen near 
Cambridge. Melanistic forms have been met with on very rare occasions. 
Vanessa antiopa, the Camberwell Beauty, has been recorded several times 
between 1834 and 1905. ‘The exceedingly rare Queen of Spain fritillary 
(Argynnis lathonia), was noted at Harleston 1846, Plumstead near Norwich 
1865, others at Beechamwell, Halvergate, Caistor and Booton. The 
Large Copper (Chrysophanus dispar) once lived in the fens of the county, 
its larva feeding upon the leaves of the great water dock ; this insect has 
been extinct in Britain since 1847. Mention might be made of the 
attempt to introduce the Continental form C. rutilus into some of the 
Norfolk marshes by the late G. H. Gurney. Some 550 butterflies were 
liberated in Woodbastwick during July 1926 ; however, weather condi- 
tions were unfavourable and although its larve and pupz were found the 
next year, very few imagines were seen ; as far as | am aware no further 
attempts at re-introduction were made and the species disappeared. 
Several rare and local species of moths have occurred in the Broads district 
and in Breckland where conditions favour their life history ; reference 
must be made to the Norfolk Lepidoptera in the Victoria County History, 
and the many references in Trans. N. N. Nat. Soc. One interesting 
moth may be mentioned, Xylophasia zollikoferi which was taken by 
Mr. Plunkett on September 4, 1905, on an electric light at Carrow, 
Norwich ; this is not only one of the most uncommon of British, but is 
actually one of the rarest of European moths ; it was the fourth British — 
record. Excellent collections of Norfolk Lepidoptera may be consulted 
at the Castle Museum. 
Coleoptera.—The beetles of the county have been carefully worked 
out by James Edwards, H. J. Thouless, and E. Atmore. The Yarmouth 
district alone has yielded over 800 species. Among the rare records 
made at various times may be noted the first indigenous specimen of 
Carabus clathratus taken by Mr. Haworth at Halvergate in 1809, Calosoma 
sycophanta, a rare occasional visitant, Pterostichus aterimus discovered by 
Joseph Hooker of Norwich, Pogonus luridipennis first discovered in Britain 
by Rev. J. Burrell at Salthouse in 1806, Ilybius subeneus, Cidemera 
virescens and Hesperia alveus. In 1920 H. J. Thouless discovered speci- 
mens of the rare weevil Tapinotus sellatus at Horning, previous to this only 
three other British records were known, two of them being also from 
Horning. Leptura rubra, a fine Longicorn, not previously recorded as 
British, was found during three successive years in rotten stumps of Scots 
Pine at Horsford by the same worker, and he also discovered specimens 
of Anthicus humilis, new to the county at Scolt Head in 1923. F. Balfour- 
Browne, working in the Sutton Broad Laboratory made a study of the 
Aquatic Coleoptera and their surroundings in the Norfolk Broads district ; 
his very interesting results may be found in Trans. N. N. Nat. Soc., 
vol. vili, pp. 58 and 290. Dytiscus marginalis is common in most dykes, 
