too SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF NORWICH AND DISTRICT 
developed successfully, but it was only a seasonal occupation, so to 
keep the workers in employment during the winter months the manu- 
facture of cocoa and chocolate was added. 
Milk chocolate became the special feature of the productions, the first 
English make to compete successfully against the Swiss makers. That 
milk could be obtained from some of the best milk-producing herds in an 
agricultural district was an undoubted asset. 
The founder retired in 1894; and in 1898 the firm was formed into 
a limited liability company, under the title of A. J. Caley & Son, Limited. 
In the same year cracker-making was introduced. 
During the War Norwich chocolate was supplied to all branches of 
His Majesty’s Forces at home and abroad, particularly in the form of 
‘marching chocolate,’ which became a speciality. 
Under the auspices of the African and Eastern Trade Corporation, 
Ltd., which acquired control in 1918, large building extensions were 
embarked upon, and a further change in ownership took place in July 
1932, when John Mackintosh & Sons, Ltd., purchased and reorganised 
the whole undertaking. 
Entirely new plant and every modern device have been introduced to 
ensure the most finished production of all chocolate confections, but in 
the making of crackers and novelties nearly all the work is done by 
hand. As yet no machine has been invented capable of performing the 
intricate processes which go to make so simple a thing as a cracker. 
() NORWICH CANARIES 
It is more than probable that the cultivation of the Norwich canary as 
a speciality began in the latter quarter of the sixteenth century, when the 
Flemish, driven from their country by the persecutions of the Spanish 
under the Duke of Alva, took refuge in our island, indirectly repaying us 
for the protection afforded them by the impetus they gave to some of 
our manufactures. A great number of these refugees settled in the 
county of Norfolk, where they found congenial employment in the woollen 
industry, which had been originally established at Worstead by their 
kinsmen more than four centuries before. With the development of 
the weaving trade, which was subsequently followed by the manufacture 
of boots and shoes, the breeding of the canary was ardently pursued by 
craftsmen who in those early years followed their vocation in their own 
homes, and it was under such favourable auspices that the Norwich 
canary was for so many years nurtured, till its fame spread the world 
over. 
The Norwich canary is similar in size to a German bullfinch. It is 
plump and chubby, bold of carriage, and lusty in its song. Its distinctive 
colours are yellow and buff, and as a general rule matings are paired in 
this way. Incubation lasts fourteen days, and the young are fed by the 
parents regurgitating for a period of three to four weeks, by which time 
the nestlings are able to feed themselves. 
