i 5 8 SECTIONAL ADDRESSES 



already in possession. Finally, the Magdalenian was regarded as a highly 

 specialised local development of the Aurignacian, though the possibility 

 of Eastern influence was not excluded. 



It was recognised that central and eastern Europe presented certain 

 peculiarities. In particular the Upper Aurignacian of Moravia, as 

 represented in the great loess station of Predmost, contained a remarkable 

 range of objects made of bone and mammoth ivory, ornamented with 

 geometric designs of a type unknown in the West. A Solutrian of a 

 primitive kind, unmixed with Aurignacian forms, had been found in the 

 caves of Hungary, and it seemed clear that this was the centre of dispersion 

 from which this culture had spread on the one hand into France, and on 

 the other into Poland, where it underwent less change than in the West. 

 A Magdalenian corresponding roughly to the Magdalenian III and IV 

 of France was somewhat sparsely distributed in central Europe, and 

 reached even into south-west Poland, while the final stages of the 

 Palaeolithic appeared to be represented both in Moravia and Poland by 

 the industry of Font- Robert tradition which has since been named 

 Swiderian, and which continues into the Mesolithic. 



Of the Palaeolithic of Russia very little was known, but that little 

 suggested that it would prove to be of great importance. An industry 

 of Upper Aurignacian type with objects in bone and ivory resembling 

 those of Predmost had been found at Mezin in the Ukraine ; at Kostenki, 

 on the middle reaches of the Don, a similar station, further characterised 

 by shouldered flint points identical with those of Willendorf and Predmost, 

 had yielded a female statuette carved in mammoth ivory. Much farther 

 to the east, in southern Siberia, G. von Merhart had excavated a number 

 of stations on the upper reaches of the Yenisei, and had found a rather 

 puzzling industry in which stone implements of both Mousterian and 

 Aurignacian types were associated with objects of bone and ivory, such 

 as points or awls with longitudinal grooves and a single specimen of a 

 pierced baton of reindeer antler. The fauna of these stations included 

 rare specimens of mammoth and woolly rhinoceros, and Merhart considered 

 that they should be placed at the end of the Pleistocene. Still farther 

 east, at the Verscholensk Mountain near Irkutsk, B. E. Petri had excavated 

 a site containing a stone industry with the same mixed characters as that 

 of the Yenisei, associated with double-edged harpoons of reindeer antler, 

 apparently rather of Azilian than of Magdalenian type. Mammoth and 

 woolly rhinoceros were absent from the fauna, so this station was pre- 

 sumably later than those excavated by Merhart, and might even be of 

 Mesolithic age. These Siberian industries, judging from the very 

 inadequate accounts available, could not easily be fitted into the general 

 framework of Eurasiatic prehistory, but they were generally referred to 

 as an Oriental facies of the Magdalenian, with the implication that they 

 were in some way related to the Magdalenian of the West. 



To what extent has this general picture been modified by recent 

 discoveries within and outside Europe ? To begin with, it has become 

 very much more complicated ; in particular it is now recognised how 

 large a number of diverse strains have hitherto been grouped together 

 under the single heading Aurignacian. Furthermore, we have to revise 



