368 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.— E. 



an account of the projection, grid, scale, arrangement of sheets, conventional 

 signs, etc. Explanation of the reasons for their adoption. The frequent 

 failure to recognise a good survey as an important national monument. 

 The need for more education in the use of maps. 



Sir Albert E. Kitson, C.M.G., C.B.E. — The importance of topographic 

 maps to mining (12.0). 



Topographic maps of a country are of great assistance in its development, 

 especially if it is more or less in its natural condition, is thickly forested, and 

 has varied and high relief. 



Broadly speaking, mining embraces two stages : (1) prospecting the 

 country for mineral deposits ; and (2) initial development and underground 

 mining of them. 



The search for mineral deposits occurring detritally in the gravels of 

 streams, and as lodes and reefs in the rocks, with lateral extensions of such 

 deposits, is greatly aided by knowing the courses of streams and the trend of 

 hills and ridges, with their interrelations. 



Economic mining of mineral deposits is dependent upon various factors, . 

 such as : (a) configuration, affecting routes for transport of heavy mining 

 and milling machinery ; (b) a good supply of timber for underground 

 mining and for fuel for motive power ; (c) water power, from waterfalls or 

 dams in suitable gorges of good streams ; and (d) locations for mining and 

 milling plants. Other factors exist, but cannot be mentioned in this limited 

 summary. 



Good topographic maps show the natural features indicated, and others 

 besides. Without such maps these features have to be ascertained locally, 

 often with much delay to development of mining operations. 



Air survey maps also give much valuable information of, inter alia, the 

 topography, geology and mining operations. They are thus of great value, 

 especially in the early stages of ground surveys, and they can be rapidly and 

 cheaply produced. 



Afternoon. 

 Mr. W. Smith. — The agricultural geography of the Fylde (2.0). 



The paper consists of two parts. The first is a general analysis of the 

 agricultural geography of the Fylde and an assessment of the relative 

 importance of the several departments of Fylde farming in respect of the 

 acreage they appropriate. The second is a more detailed analysis of dairying, 

 the major objective of Fylde agriculture. 



The Fylde is shown to be an area of mixed farming, but with permanent 

 grass dominant and with arable recessive. In 1934, of the total in crops 

 and grass, 21 1 per cent, was in arable and 78 9 per cent, in permanent 

 grass. The clay loams of the upper boulder clay are largely in grass and 

 the arable is mostly on the lighter soils of the silt, peat and blown sand. 

 Of the arable about half produces stock food for consumption on the farm. 



Live stock are thus the objective of 90 per cent, of the acreage. Dairying 

 is the chief objective of this live stock farming. The Fylde is neither a 

 feeding nor a store raising district. The proximity of a market for milk 

 in the coast towns and in industrial Lancashire makes dairying the more 

 profitable enterprise. Other stock are kept in lesser proportions. 



The results are described of a method, which the author has elaborated, 

 of constructing a grazing index for the Fylde in early June based on the 

 management followed in the district. The density of stocking in early June 



