376 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.— E, F. 



offers a very complete picture of social and economic development in the 

 ' Dales.' Within the parish there are over 200 acres of prehistoric lyncheted 

 area, the site of a well-developed pastoral community life in the pre-Roman 

 period. The Saxon economy is clearly revealed in the strip lynchet field 

 systems and the Domesday survey. The agriculture was continued under 

 monastic granges, and the area developed as sheep farm. In the fifteenth 

 century, lead mining, which had been present under the Romans, became a 

 staple industry, and developed rapidly to the maximum occupation of the 

 area, with the addition in the nineteenth century of coal mining. The 

 nineteenth century saw the change of farming to dairy produce, related to 

 the market at Skipton, with a post-war change to stock raising. The 

 mining industry ceased before 1900, but its place was partly taken by the 

 development of large scale quarrying mainly for production of lime. A 

 smaller and fairly recent industry is the weaving of cotton and cotton-silk 

 fabrics. The relief varies between 600 ft. and 2,000 ft. O.D., and the country 

 is fairly evenly divided between the Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone 

 Grit formations. 



Miss D. Sylvester. — Hill villages in England (11.0). 



The two major provinces of hill villages in England are the Palaeozoic 

 Uplands region of the north and west and the Scarplands of the south-east. 

 In the first, villages generally occupy more impressive sites which are 

 characteristically at a disadvantage for modern agriculture and transport. 

 But in the south-east the hill village is still normally a convenient agri- 

 cultural centre for the relatively fertile, lower and more level uplands of 

 this province. Hill villages are most densely distributed in Devon and 

 Cornwall, the central Oolitic and Cretaceous areas and Northern England, 

 north of a line from Flamborough to St. Bees ; absent above 1,000 ft. ; 

 rare in the plains of eastern England, the southern chalk escarpments 

 and in western and midland regions which were forested or marshy in the 

 pre-Norman period. Hill settlement seeks dry, open and easily defensible 

 sites, and hill-colonisation occurred periodically from Neolithic to Norman 

 times. The north-west province, with strong Celtic traditions, was scarcely 

 touched by the Anglo-Saxon except in Northumbria. The hill villages of 

 the south-east are broadly complementary in distribution to the early Anglo- 

 Saxon burials. Some pre-Saxon cultural distributions show significant 

 but more difficult correlations. Pre-Saxon hill settlements were rarely con- 

 tinued in situ. In many regions there was migration to lower hill sites ; 

 in others hill settlement was abandoned throughout whole districts. 



SECTION F.— ECONOMIC SCIENCE AND 

 STATISTICS. 



Thursday, September 10. 



Mr. H. Smith. — The changing structure of retail trade (10. o). 



1. Altering structure of retail trade. Phases of change : 



(a) Extensions of trading based on large-scale organisation, i.e. 

 multiple shops and department stores. 



