42 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF BLACKPOOL AND DISTRICT 



Tulketh, near Preston, is identical or cognate with Toulhoet in Brittany, 

 Twllcod, near Llandaff, and means ' hole in a wood.' In Kirkham are 

 Treales (formerly Treueles, identical with Treflys in Carnarvon, 'the court 

 of the settlement ' or ' village with a court '), Preese (from Welsh prys, pres 

 ' brushwood '), Little Eccleston, which has as first element an early form 

 of Welsh eglwys ' church.' 



Not far from Preese, in a detached part of Lancaster, is Preesall, whose 

 first element is Welsh prys or pres. In St. Michael-on-Wyre is Great 

 Eccleston (near Little Eccleston), and Ins kip possibly contains Welsh 

 ynys, ' island.' There are few areas in England with a similar number of 

 British names within a small circuit. There must have been a considerable 

 survival of British communities in early Anglo-Saxon times, possibly due to 

 the fact that parts of the Fylde must have been difficult of access owing to the 

 marshy nature of the district. 



The English settlements in the Fylde must be very old, and the first settlers 

 were Northumbrians. Some place-names make the impression of being very 

 ancient, as the names in -ing (Bryning, Staining) ; Whittingham just 

 outside the Fylde may also be mentioned here. English names are in the 

 majority among names of villages or townships. They are of the usual types. 

 Names in -ham are Bispham, ' the bishop's manor ' ; Kirkham. Names 

 in 'tun are common, as Clifton, ' tun on a slope ' ; Hambleton, ' Hamelds 

 tun'; Newton, Plumpton, ' plumtree tun'; Thistleton, Warton 

 (first element OE 1 weard ' watch '), Weeton, ' willow tun ' in Kirkham par. ; 

 Layton (first element OE lad, ' water-course') in Bispham par. ; Marton 

 'tun on Marton Mere ' ; Newton, Poulton, ' tun on a pool ' ; Thornton 

 in Poulton par., Woodplumpton in St. Michael-on-Wyre. There are two 

 names in -wic (oe wic, 'dwelling'), viz., Elswick, ' Ethelsige's wic,' and 

 Salwick, ' wic among sallows.' Cottam is OE cotum dat. plur. of cot, ' hut.' 

 Wesham, formerly Westhusum, is ' (at) the western houses.' Lea is 

 OE lean, ' glade,' while Winmarleigh is ' Winemaer's lean.' 



A fairly common element is OE holh, ' hollow,' as in Greenhalgh, Ingol, 

 Stanah, Staynall. The English names are not evenly distributed. The 

 south-western portion, Lytham par., has an English name itself, but there 

 are few English place-names there. The same is true of the land north of the 

 lower Wyre, where Ashton and Hambleton have English names, but most 

 other places have Norse names. Both districts are low-lying and were 

 apparently only to a small extent inhabitable or inhabited in early Anglian 

 times. 



The colonisation of these low-lying parts does not seem to have been carried 

 out fully until the Norsemen came about 900, and the Norse element is 

 particularly prominent in these parts. But Norse influence is strong in the 

 whole of the Fylde. The hundred of which the Fylde forms a part is called 

 Amounderness, Agemundrenesse in Domesday (1086), which is a Norse 

 Agmundar-nes, ' Agmund's ness.' This may be an old name of the Fylde, 

 which forms a headland between the rivers Ribble and Cocker. If so, Agmundr 

 will have been a Norse chieftain who held the district. He has been identified 

 with the Agmund Hold who, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, was 



, OE=01d English. 



