BLACKPOOL COAST DEFENCE WORKS 103 



Amongst the most important conditions affecting the design of a coast 

 defence works are, in the author's opinion : — 



(1) A knowledge of prevailing conditions of the foreshore extending 

 over a period of years. 



(2) If accretion is taking place, what is the cause, and from where, and 

 in what manner is the material conveyed to the foreshore ? 



(3) Is this beneficial action likely to continue, etc. ? 



(4) If erosion is taking place, what is the rate of erosion, and what 

 methods are to be adopted to prevent it, since it is invariably more 

 severe after the erection of a sea-wall? 



In the author's opinion, there is less erosion from a wall designed with a 

 flat apron (say 4 to I , or even flatter), than from any other type of wall, 

 particularly if the apron is stepped in section. 



The nearer the design of an apron conforms with the natural formation of 

 the gravel beach at high water level of high spring tides, the less trouble there 

 will be from scour. 



XVII. 



EDUCATION IN 

 BLACKPOOL AND DISTRICT 



BY 



A. E. IKIN, B.Sc, LL.D., 

 Director of Education, 1918-1934. 



Introduction. 



The educational system of any country at any time is determined to a great 

 extent by the theory of Society held by the people of that country at that time. 

 The educational system of England, which allows for individualism and 

 initiative, is very different from that of Russia, Germany or Italy, where the 

 interest of the State is considered to be superior to that of the individual. 

 Should the external organisation mould the life of the individuals in the 

 community, or should the organisation represent the mind and will of the 

 people ? In both Fascism and Communism there is an effort to create a social 

 state of mind by establishing the type of organisation which it is hoped will 

 produce it. 



When, in England, in Pre-Norman times there was little differentiation 

 between Church and State, the chief members of the Church being the chief 

 members of the State, when the Church might have been considered as the 

 State in its spiritual aspect, education was provided by the Church for those 

 intended to serve Church or State, and for centuries education was considered 



