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well was brought in. Thirty producing oil wells were operating at the 

 time this bulletin was written. 



The report describes the formations of Lower Permian and Pennsyl- 

 vanian age that outcrop in the Ponca City area, and also those under- 

 lying that outcrop to the east and west. The structure of the Ponca 

 City anticline is shown by a contour map on the surface of the Herington 

 limestone. 



It is the opinion of the authors that many of the wells labeled "dry" 

 are not deep enough to test their localities. Some holes do not go down 

 1,000 feet, and few below 1,600; but the approximate position of the 

 lowest oil sand is much deeper, and the anticline will not be tested 

 thoroughly until wells have reached the Tucker sands at a depth of 



nearly 3,500 feet. 



W. B. W. 



The Mineral Springs of Saratoga. By James F. Kemp. New 



York State Education Department, Bull. No. 517, 1912. 

 Pp. 79, figs. 8, tables 7. 



There are few problems more difficult for geologists than those con- 

 nected with the origin of mineral springs. The district centering at 

 Saratoga Springs has long been famous for its mineral waters, and this 

 report has been prepared in response to the very general interest regard- 

 ing them. The report takes up briefly a historical sketch of the springs, 

 the local geology, and a general description and classification of ground- 

 waters. 



The chemical composition of the water is known by analyses of 

 three different periods, 1838, 1871, and 1905. These show a total of 

 ten acid and twelve basic ions. The most abundant salt is sodium 

 chloride followed by calcium, magnesium, and sodium bicarbonates. 

 The waters carry an average of two or three volumes of C0 2 in solution. 

 The sulphate ion is practically absent. 



The author rejects any theory that attributes the springs to connate 

 waters, the absence of sulphates being the strongest chemical evidence 

 against such theories.* The same geological section is faulted in many 

 other places in the Hudson and Champlain valleys, yet even uncar- 

 bonated brine springs are lacking elsewhere. The author's conclusion 

 is that many of the mineral constituents, as the haloids, sodium car- 

 bonate, and the carbonic acid gas, are from deep-seated sources. The 

 tendency of dying volcanoes to give off abundant C0 2 and the occurrence 



