Dr, Wheelton Hind — Carboniferous Life-Zones. 61 



of Glaslyn, so that we must reserve this point for future work on 

 other lakes, further from possible contamination. 



In the meantime, failing an analysis of peat water of the above 

 strength, there is some evidence in favour of the hypothesis from 

 the cases of Arddu and Llydaw, though we were not able to 

 match the indigo colour of these waters by means of his standard 

 solutions. We failed to find any trace of copper. On a future 

 occasion we hope to furnish more analyses. 



In an article in Science Progress, new series, vol. i, p. 218 

 (1897), one of us describes some depressions formed on flat surfaces 

 of rock in the Lake District, owing to the more rapid weathering 

 beneath patches of moss, grass, and heather, which, when removed, 

 leave little basins beneath them ; and it was suggested that small 

 lakelets might be produced in tliis way, especially in rocks 

 which contained much soluble material. The depression in question 

 occurred in the volcanic rocks of the Borrowdale Series. To show 

 the effect of the weather upon rocks of this nature, a fragment of 

 rock (possibly hardened mud with volcanic matter) was extracted 

 from a peat-bog near Llyn du'r Arddu, and the analyses of the core 

 and of the weathered crust are given side by side : — 



III. — Note on the Life-Zones op the Carboniferous Deposits 



OF Europe. 

 By Wheelton Hind, M.D., B.S. Loud., F.KC.S., F.G.S. 



IT has long been a matter of reproach to British geologists that, 

 with such a grand sequence of Carboniferous rocks as occurs in 

 Great Britain and Ireland, many of which are highly fossiliferous, 

 all attempts to establish life-zones in them have hitherto been un- 

 successful. As a subcommittee, appointed by the British Association, 

 has been put into existence to endeavour to zone the Carboniferous 

 rocks, it seems to me that a preliminary comparison with each other 

 of the life-zones already established in Eussia and Belgium, and as 

 far as is possible to contrast the distribution of the zonal fossils with 

 that which obtains in Great Britain, may to some extent clear the 

 ground, and establish some important palasontological facts as a basis 

 for future work. 



Russian geologists are able to state without any hesitation that 

 certain fossil forms are characteristic of certain zones in the Carboni- 

 ferous rocks of Eussia, and that these zones are, with very slight 

 changes, the same for the Carboniferous deposits of Central Eussia, 

 the Ourals, and the Donetz basin. Three main stages are recognized 



