Dr. Wheelton Hind — Carboniferous Life- Zones. 67 



Spirifer striatus, S. laminosiis, Orthis Michelini, Conocardiiimfusiforme, 

 Athyris Royssii, and Amplexiis eorolloides. At Armagh, Productus 

 giguiiteus occurs at tweuty-five different localities, at one of which it is 

 known to occur with Orthis Michelini, Spirifer laminosus, and Zaphrentis 

 ct/lindrica ; in fact, unfortunately for De Koninck's rapid generaliza- 

 tions, Productus giganteus occurs in all the Carboniferous districts of 

 Ireland, and seems to have survived from the deposition of the Lower 

 to that of the Upper Limestones. Although copious lists of fossils 

 and localities are accurately given in most of the Memoirs of the 

 Geological Survey of Ireland, it is a great pity that those who had to 

 produce them did not see fit to arrange the lists of fossils according 

 to the horizons, instead of only giving loca^lities, and leaving it to the 

 student to identify the horizon of each locality by a reference to the 

 colour which is shown on the map at each place. In the Memoirs 

 of the Scotch Survey, and the later English one, the reader is able to 

 see at a glance not only the locality, but the actual horizon whence 

 each fossil was obtained. 



It would therefore appear that in Great Britain the zone of Pro- 

 ductus giganteus is very largely developed. In the Southern Pennine 

 district this fossil characterizes the beds from the base of the Lower 

 Scar Limestone to the Upper Limestone (the Crow) of the Yoredale 

 grtiup. In Scotland, however, and, to some extent only, in the 

 Pennine and Bristol areas, this extensive zone is preceded by a series 

 of rocks in which this fossil is absolutely wanting — the Calciferous 

 Sandstone Series, which are probably represented only by the base- 

 ment beds of the Ingleboro area and the Eomau Fell beds further 

 north. It is difficult to suggest a zonal form for this series, much 

 of which is non-marine ; but on the Fifeshire coast Sanguinolites 

 Abdensis, Etheridge, and Schizodus Pentlandicus, Ehind, seem to be 

 confined to the series; and Modiola Macadamii is characteristic of the 

 Lower Limestone Shales of Bristol and the Coomhola and Moyola 

 beds of Ireland. 



The shales overlying the limestones in Derbyshire and Yorkshire, 

 I have shown to contain a fauna totally distinct from the Carbon- 

 iferous Limestone and the Yoredale beds of Wensleydale (Geol. 

 Mag., 1897, Dec. IV, Vol. IV, pp. 159-169 and 205-213). This 

 series, mapped by the officers of the Survey as Yoredale beds, may 

 be described as the zone of Avicidopecten papyraceus, Gastrioceras 

 carhonarium, Posidoniella minor, and P. Icsvis, and includes the 

 Lower Coal-measures or Ganister Series, Millstone-grits, and shales 

 below them ; while the Coal-measures may well be subdivided 

 into the upper, or zone of Anthracomya Phillipsii, and lower, or 

 zone of Naiadites modiolaris, with many local horizons at which 

 only certain fossils have as yet been known to occur. 



The following table gives the equivalents of these zones iu 

 England, Scotland, and Ireland, from above downwards : — 



