184 Revieios — J. G. Millais — British Beer. 



and whose skeletons and antlers preserved in the British Museum 

 (Natural History), Cromwell Eoad, or in other kindred institutions, 

 now form their only record. Many of these Mr. Millais has 

 sketched with commendable fidelity. Jt is difficult to separate 

 the extinct Alces latifrons, found in the Cromer Forest Bed and 

 at Happisbnrgh and Corton, and on the Dogger Bank, from the 

 living elk (Alces macliHs) found subfossil at Cleveland, Yorkshire, 

 and in about thirty-one English, Scotch, and Irish localities, and 

 which still survives in Norway and in Canada. 



To the same northern category also belongs the reindeer (Bangifer 

 tarandus), which is recorded from more than eighty localities 

 in this country, is still living in Northern Europe, Asia, and 

 America, and is believed to have survived in Caithness until the 

 middle of the twelfth century. Of fossil varieties of the true deer, 

 Cervus polignacus, C. Broicnii, and C. Savini, little need be said. 

 They are forms closely related to the existing fallow-deer 

 (C. dama). Cervus Daiokinsii and C. Fttchit are most probably 

 related to the elk (Alces machlis) ; C. verticornis, C. tetraceros, and 

 C. Sedgwickii are all from the Norfolk Forest Bed at Cromer, Bacton, 

 and Kessingland. C. tetraceros has the beam more or less straight, 

 with the tines rounded, simple, and springing all from one side 

 of the beam. C. Sedgwickii has the beam flattened and more 

 arched, and the tines, although upon the same plane, are flattened 

 and branched. 



There is yet another extinct deer (the Cervus gignnteus), the 

 largest of all the Cervidae, whose remains have been obtained not 

 only in great abundance, but in so perfect a state, in Ireland 

 that entire skeletons are to be seen in many of our Museums, whilst 

 the antlered skulls adorn many noble residences in England, 

 Scotland, and Ireland. Formerly known as " Megaceros Hibernicus " 

 or as " the gigantic Irish elk," yet it is in no wise related to the 

 elk, although frequently spoken of as such. It is in every respect 

 a true deer, and in many of its characters (save that of size) not 

 unlike our existing fallow-deer. 



When it is stated that these deer frequently measure 9 feet 

 across the antlers, the weight of which is as much as from 80 to 

 90 lbs., one is astonished at the amount of vital energy in such 

 a beast as would enable it to throw out year after year such a mass 

 of osseous matter in the short period of four months, for the horn- 

 growth of the Megaceros doubtless followed the same rules as those 

 which govern the horn-growth of other deer to-day. 



"In the British Isles this deer seems to have been most numerous 

 in Ireland, where remains are found below all the peat-bogs in the 

 lacustrine shell-marl. In County Limerick the greatest number 

 of heads has been dug up, notably in the extinct Lake of Loch 

 Gur, where literally hundreds of them have been unearthed. In 

 1875, Mr. E. J. Moss made excavations in the bog of Ballybethag, 

 9 miles south-east of Dublin, and during the summers of 1876-77 

 twenty-six heads and three complete skeletons were procured. 

 Below the great bog, in the vicinity of Tullamore, is another 



