376 Reports and Proceedings — Geological Society of London. 



The (7arcZn«m-sand yielded many foraminifera and ostracoda, with 

 a few diatoms. The Scrobicularia-clay contained sponge-spicules, 

 many of them apparently derived frooi older deposits, diatoms, and 

 foraminifera. 



The land-surface on which the peat grew appears to have slowly 

 subsided, in such a manner as to allow of the inosculation of beds 1 

 and 2 at their junct;,on. Beds 3 and 5 represent the shallower- 

 water phases, and the Cardium-sand the deepest-water phase through 

 which the area passed as the deposits accumulated. As a whole, 

 these beds are correlated with those " in Lancashire and Cheshire 

 which overlie the Peat and Forest Bed," but the wide horizontal 

 extent of the deposits, at levels varying very little, has no parallel 

 in Britain. 



2. "High-level Marine Drift at Colwyn Bay." By T. Mellard 

 Eeade, C.E., F.G.S. 



This paper describes a mound of sand capped by Boulder-clay, 

 which occurs one mile south by west of Colwyn Bay Station. It 

 measures about 90 yards on the longer axis, which runs north-east, 

 50 yards on the shorter axis, and is situated 660 feet above O.D. 

 Among the pebbles and boulders in the drift, and scattered about in 

 the sandpit, were granites from Eskdale and the South of Scotland, 

 small flints, and local and Welsh rocks identified by Mr. Buddy as 

 derived largely from the head of the Conway Valley. The base 

 of the sand is not exposed, but the author has no doubt that it is 

 geologically above the grey till with Welsh boulders. 



At Grroes and Old Colwyn a "typical marine-drift sand," with 

 well-rounded quartz-grains, also occurs, at one place possibly 60 feet 

 thick, and at another resting on " marine brown boulder-clay." The 

 marine sands of Groes, Old Colwyn, and the Yale of Clwyd "lie on 

 the east side of their respective valleys, and the marine boulder-clays 

 to the greater extent on the west side," while the marine drift has 

 accumulated as bars near the mouth of the valleys. 



3. " Observations on the Geology of Franz Josef Land." By 

 Dr. Eeginald Koettlitz. (Communicated by E. T. Newton, F.R.S., 

 F.G.S.) 



This paper opens with a detailed description of the geography and 

 geology of various portions of the archipelago. 



The basaltic rocks occur in tiers from 10 to 70 feet high, and 

 range to a height of 1,300 feet above sea-level. The associated and 

 interbedded rocks consist of shale, sandstone, and basaltic tuff. The 

 stratified rocks are not appreciably altered by the heat of the basalt, 

 which is often vesicular both at the base and summit of the tiers. 

 From this and other evidence the author concludes that many of 

 the sheets are contemporaneous flows, and that as the fossil plants 

 and ammonites are of Jurassic age, some of the lavas date back to 

 Jurassic time. Dykes, sills, and necks are also described. 



The Jurassic rocks consist of shales and sandstones ; they have 

 j'lplded ammonites and belemnites, a portion of a specimen of 

 A. Lumberti having been found embedded in " basaltic tuff." Pebbles 



