332 ROLLIN T. CHAMBERLIN 



Kanimbla epoch has been suggested for this mountain-making 

 period.^ Siissmilch states that the folding must have taken place 

 either at the close of the Devonian, for the Devonian beds are 

 infolded, or, at the latest, early in the Caboniferous, for the Devo- 

 nian strata had been greatly eroded before the horizontal Permo- 

 Carboniferous strata were laid down. The general movements 

 were on such an extensive scale as to convert the greater part of 

 New South Wales into land. The folding was accompanied by 

 batholithic intrusions. 



In northwestern Europe, where accumulated strains had been 

 relieved by such an extensive and remarkably vigorous crustal 

 deformation at the close of the Silurian, the Devonian and early 

 Carboniferous periods were a time of comparative quiescence. 

 Devonide movements, however, have been recognized along a belt 

 which, beginning in Brittany, includes the Armorican massif, the 

 basin of Saarbriick, the Vosges, Black Forest, Thiiringerwald, and 

 continues into lower Silesia. These movements occurred either 

 at the dividing line between the Devonian and the Lower Car- 

 boniferous, or very early in the latter period.^ 



Suess also implies that this chain may be related to one in the 

 southern Tian Shan Range in central Asia, where an unconformity 

 with folding at the base of the Lower Carboniferous represents an 

 east-and-west Hne of Devonide wrinkling.^ A possible connecting 

 link between these widely separated wrinklings is suggested by 

 Boutscheff's observations in the Balkans, northeast of Sophia, 

 where steeply overfolded Upper Silurian graptolite beds are covered 

 unconformably by the Culm.'' But the age of this folding is not 

 closely limited. 



CULMIDES 



The Lower Carboniferous or Mississippian period seems to 

 have been one of comparative quiescence, as impHed by the exten- 

 sive formation of limestone which characterizes this portion of the 



' C. A. Siissmilch, An Introduction to the Geology of New South Wales (1911), 

 pp. Si-52. 



2 Emile Haug, op. ciL, p. 831. 



3 Eduard Suess, The Face of the Earth, Sollas trans., IV (1909), 2. 

 ^ S. Boutschefif, cited by Suess, op. cit., p. 16. 



