334 ROLLIN T. CHAM BERLIN 



similar orogenic disturbances are seen in the Laval coal basin on the 

 borders of Brittany^ and also in the Sudetes.^ The Culm occupies 

 a large area in southern Portugal. But the Upper Carboniferous 

 of that country is very restricted in area and rests unconformably 

 upon the rocks below, probably indicating a Culmide movement. ^ 

 Asia also shows evidences of mild disturbances, at least, following 

 the Culm. In Hseng King, the southern province of Manchuria, 

 Inouye states that the Upper Carboniferous is unconformable upon 

 the Lower."* In the southern portion of the Tian Shan range in 

 central Asia the Lower Carboniferous, according to Suess, is marked 

 by unconformities with orogenic movements both above and below 

 it.^ The Lower Carboniferous shows folding which took place 

 before the basal beds of the Carboniferous were laid down. The 

 inference naturally drawn from Suess is that this folding occurred 

 before the beginning of the Pennsylvanian, but from Keidel's 

 original description the first beds to be deposited upon the trunkated 

 folds are to be correlated with the uppermost Carboniferous of 

 Europe.^ Hence the folding may have taken place either at the close 

 of the Culm or before the Stephanian of the Pennsylvanian period. 

 From the fact that strong folding was so general a phenomenon in 

 many of the neighboring ranges of central Asia in the middle of the 

 Carboniferous period, it is possible that this folding in the Tian 

 Shan occurred also at that time, and so would be a Westphalo- 

 Carbonide movement. 



WESTPHALO-CARBONIDES 



The closing of the Paleozoic era was accompanied by much 

 diastrophism. Though sometimes referred to as a more or less 

 continuous period of disturbance from mid-Carboniferous times 

 till the close of the Paleozoic, a closer analysis seems to show that 



' A. de Lapparent, Traite de geologic, sth ed., II, 906. 



= Eduard Suess, op. cit., II, 69. 



3 K. G. Jane, Encyc. Brit., nth ed., XXII (191 1), 135. 



1 K. Inouye, cited by Suess, The Face of the Earth. 



5 Eduard Suess, op. cit., IV (1909), 2. 



^ Hans Keidel, "Geologische Untersuchungen im siidlichen Tian Schan nebst 

 Beschreibung einer obercarbonischen Brachiopodenfauna aus dem Kukurtuk-Tal," 

 N. Jahrh.f. Min., XXII, Beilage Bd. (1906), pp. 266-384. 



