340 ROLLIN T. CHAM BERLIN 



renewed elevation late in the Carboniferous period.^ Kayser is 

 authority for the statement that the folding of the Urals began late 

 in the Carboniferous and reached its height in the Permian, and, 

 even as far as Armenia and central Asia, evidences of folding 

 and mountain-building movements at about this time have been 

 recognized.^ Farther east, in the southern Tian Shan range, 

 Keidel has recognized pronounced foldings which occurred within 

 the Carboniferous period. The Lower Carboniferous sandstones 

 and shales had been greatly folded and considerably eroded before 

 the Schwagerina-bearing hmestone was laid down upon the 

 trunkated folds. The Schwagerina limestone, which is correlated 

 with a similar formation in the Urals, belongs to the uppermost 

 part of the Pennsylvanian.^ Whether this movement is a Culmide 

 or a Westphalo-Carbonide is therefore not yet determined, but 

 because movements of the latter class were so widespread along 

 this general east-and-west axis it may not improbably prove to 

 belong to this group. 



Further studies in the heart of the continent should add much to 

 the subject of Carboniferous diastrophism, for the broad moun- 

 tainous zone between central Siberia and the Tertiary chains in 

 south Asia is made up of ranges whose principal folding appears to 

 date from about the middle of the Carboniferous period, which 

 suggests that they may be the homologues of the Armorican and 

 Variscan chains of Europe. ^ The Altai and the chains of Trans- 

 BaikaHa make up one series so assigned; another begins in the 

 Kuen Lun and follows the Nan Shan to the chain of northern 

 China; and another is the Tsing Ling Shan and the mountains of 

 northern Szechuan where Baron von Richthofen found folding at 



'J. W. Evans, "Expedition to Caupolican Bolivia, 1901-1902," Geog. Jour., 

 XXII (1903), 633-34. 



Isaiah Bowman, "The Physiography of the Central Andes," Am. Jour. ScL, 4th 

 Sen, XXVIII (1909), 376. 



2 Emanuel Kayser, Geologische Formationskimde, 2d ed. (1902), p. 174. 



3 Hans Keidel, "Geologische Untersuchungen im siidlichen Tian Schan nebst 

 Beschreibung einer obercarbonischen Brachiopodenfauna aus dem Kukurtuk-Tal," 

 N. Jahrb.f. Min., XXII, Beilage Bd. (1906), pp. 282-83. 



'•Emile Haug, op. cit., p. 834. 



