DIASTROPHISM AND THE FORMATIVE PROCESSES 343 



The close of the Permian in western Europe seems to have been 

 accompanied by a general upKft. In most parts of England there 

 is a certain amount of unconformity between the Permian and the 

 Bunter, or Lower Triassic, but it does not indicate any great tec- 

 tonic disturbance, though in the northern and central portions of 

 England there was some tilting of the Permian beds as well as some 

 faulting in the interval.' In the Hercynian chain, the last move- 

 ments took place at the close of the Permian, according to Haug. 

 From them arises the discordance observed in the southern Vosges 

 and in the central plateau of France between the Upper Permian 

 and the Lower Triassic.^ In the southern portion of the central 

 plateau, especially in the basin of Gard, the most intense foldings 

 of the Hercynian system came after the Stephanian, and in the 

 Alps of Savoy the Permian also is often found to have been included 

 in the pre-Triassic folding.^ 



A Permo-Carbonide movement also affected the southern Tian 

 Shan range in central Asia. The youngest member of the Paleozoic 

 sedimentary series in this region, according to Keidel, is a conglom- 

 erate containing pebbles from the Schwagerina (Permo-Carbo- 

 niferous) limestone formation.'' This conglomerate has resulted 

 from an upbowing of the range, and associated with it is a discord- 

 ance. Resting upon the conglomerate are the Angara beds which 

 are classed as Triassic, though Keidel is inclined to believe that their 

 lowest layers should be placed in the Paleozoic. But if diastro- 

 phism be followed as the basis of correlation the break between 

 Paleozoic and Mesozoic would naturally come somewhat lower — at 

 the discordance. 



GENERAL 



From this brief assemblage of data bearing upon the periodicity 

 of the diastrophism during the Paleozoic era, it appears that the 

 orogenic disturbances of the more pronounced type fall quite gener- 

 ally into distinct groups; that these groups are well separated from 

 one another; and that the disturbances of each group were more or 

 less widely distributed over the globe, and that they had their 



' A. J. Jukes-Browne, op. ciL, p. 215. 3 Ibid., p. 831. 



^ Emile Haug, op. cit., pp. 917-18. ^ Hans Keidel, op, ciL, pp. 356-57. 



