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with Rock Thrushes, Ousels, Myophones, Zootheres, Tesias and 
Hypsipetes are as abundant in the central and upper region as 
Bulbuls, Orioles, Pittas, are in the central and lower. 
«In the Finch family, the Haw-finches, Bull-finches, Gold-finches, 
and Cross-bills (Lowia) are as strictly confined to the upper regions 
as are the corvine Conostomes, Nut-crackers, Choughs and Ravens. 
The former are replaced in the central region by the Buntings, 
Wood-finches (Montifringilla), and Siskins; and in the lower 
region by the Weavers and Minias. The Raptorial birds are, in 
general, too cosmopolitan to subserve the purposes of geographic 
distribution. Still it may be remarked that the True Eagles belong, 
quoad breeding at least, to the upper region; the Crested Eagles 
(Cireaétus), the Neopuses and Hawk Eagles (Spizaétus) to the 
central; and the Pernes (Haliaétus et Pandion) and Haliasturs to 
the lower. Among the Vultures the distinction is more marked: 
for the Eagle Vultures (Gypaétus) belong exclusively to the upper 
region; the large European Vultures (fulvus et cinereus) to the 
central; and the Neophrons and the small Indian Vultures (Ben- 
galensis et tenuirostris) to the lower. The Himalaya abounds in 
Falconide, all the occidental types and species being found there, 
and many more peculiar and oriental ones; and it deserves special 
remark, that whereas the former (Imperialis, Chrysaétos, Lanarius, 
Perrgrinus, Palumbarius, Nisus, &c.) affect the upper and central 
regions, the oriental types (Hypotriorchis, Haliastur, Hieraz, 
Hyptiopus, Elanus, Poliornis) are quite confined to the lower 
region. 
e: Those perfect cosmopolitans the Waders and Swimmers, migrate 
regularly in April and October, between the plains of India and Tibet, 
and, in general, may be said to be wanting in the mountains, though 
most abundant in the Tarai. The great Herons (nobilis et cinereus) 
the great Storks (nigra et purpurea) and great Cranes (the Cyrus 
and Damoiselle) of the Tarai are never seen in the mountains, where 
the Egrets alone represent the first group. But the soft-billed 
smaller Waders (Scolopacide) are sufficiently common in the moun- 
tains, in which the Woodcock abounds, breeding in the upper region 
and frequenting the central, and rarely the lower region, from 
October till April. Geese, Ducks and Teals swarm in the Tarai, 
where every occidental type (so to speak, for they are ubiquitous) 
may be seen from October till April; and many oriental non-migra- 
tory types; whereas in the mountains the Mergansers (orientalis) 
and the Cormorants (sinensis et pygmaeus) only are found, and that 
very scantily, with a few Rails and Gallinules and Sandpipers from 
the vast host of the Waders.” 
