388 REVIEWS 



The elements of physical geography are discussed very briefly (pp. 73- 

 96). Physical geography is defined as the science of the extent and recipro- 

 cal reactions of the phenomena by which the surface activity of the globe 

 is manifested. It deals with an active or living surface, and its particular 

 horizon is at the contact of the gaseous envelope with the solid and liquid 

 parts of the earth's surface. The four main subjects of the work, as 

 stated in the title, are "Climate, or the Physical Geography of the Air," 

 "Hydrography, or the Physical Geography of the Water," "Terrestrial 

 Morphology, or the Physical Geography of the Land," and "Biogeog- 

 raphy," which brings out the relation of life to the various physical features. 



Under "Climate" (pp. 97-251) are considered three elements, 

 temperature, winds, and degree of humidity, the last named embracing 

 evaporation, humidity, cloudiness, and rainfall. The state of climatologi- 

 cal knowledge is set forth by a map (Fig. -38), a revision of one given in 

 Bartholomew's Physical Atlas, while the various types of climate are 

 presented on a colored planisphere prepared by the author. This repre- 

 sents for the entire globe 27 types of climate, 9 of which are equatorial and 

 tropical, 5 subtropical, 6 temperate, 3 cold, and 4 desert types. Of the 

 desert types 2 are warm climate (Peruvian and Saharian) and 2 cold 

 climate (Patagonian and Aralian). 



Under "Hydrography" (pp. 257-365) the first chapter deals with the 

 ocean, and considers the features of the basins and the temperature and 

 salinity of the water. The second chapter deals with the ocean currents. 

 Then follow in turn chapters on the seas, the lakes, and the streams. Under 

 rivers, attention is given to the relation of the sources to their regimen, and 

 to various other problems of fluvial regimen, climatic, geologic, physio- 

 graphic, and also the influence of the various types of vegetation. 



Under "Terrestrial Morphology" (le relief du sol) the first chapter sets 

 forth the relative value of various classes of topographic maps in giving a 

 knowledge of terrestrial forms. Such maps, supplemented by sketches 

 and views, are the principal sources of knowledge of the earth's features. 

 An analysis is then given of the degree of complexity exhibited by the various 

 forms, and the importance of erosion as a modeling agent is brought out. 

 The several dominating forms of erosion and deposition as distributed 

 on the face of the earth are set forth in a very instructive map (Fig. 172) 

 as follows: (i) mechanical disaggregation with stream transportation, 

 (2) mechanical disaggregation with wind transportation, (3) mechanical 

 disaggregation with accumulation (in interior basins with dry climate), 

 (4) areas of fluvial accumulation, (5) areas of eolian accumulation, (6) loess 

 accumulation, largely eolian, (7) predominating chemical decomposition 



