164 Sir H. Howorth — The Mammoth Age and the Glaciers. 



tbe Drift. Penck says that the synchronism of Palasolithic Man 

 with the great Ice-age does not rest on a chain of different inferences, 

 and he concludes his detailed examination of the problem with the 

 words, "die altesten Spuren des Europaischen Menschen gleichalterig 

 sind mit den Moranen der Vergletzernngen." 



The same view on different grounds has been urged by the dis- 

 tinguished botanist Drude, who argues that a considerable vegetation 

 survived on the high ground in Germany, while the low ground was 

 occupied by ice, and that it was from this vegetation the present 

 flora of the country is derived. 



If we turn to America and examine the problem, either as pre- 

 sented by the so-called Bone Licks of Ohio or by the Driftless areas, 

 we shall be constrained to the same conclusion. The bones of the 

 extinct animals in both cases occupy the very latest beds and are 

 found, so far as we can judge, at the precise horizon where elsewhere 

 the Drift beds occur. Whitney, who described the Driftless region 

 in Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota, says that it " must have formed 

 an island at the time when the great currents from the North 

 were bi-inging down the detrital materials which are spread over 

 so vast an area in the Northern hemisphere." Of the condition 

 of this island and its environs, Mr. J. Geikie says : " Throughout 

 this remarkable region the remains of numerous extinct Mammalia 

 have again and again been detected. They occur promiscuously 

 embedded in the surface-wash, or in cracks and crevices of the 

 limestone. The animals mentioned are Mastodon, Megalonyx, 

 Elephant, Buffalo, Wolf, extinct species of Peccary, Eacoon, and 

 several Rodents, etc. Many of these were got in clayey loam at 



considerable depths from the surface Beyond the Driftless 



region, however, in those tracts that are thickly covered with gravel 

 sand, boulders and hardpan, no such Mammalian remains occur in 

 superficial or post-Glacial deposits " (Great Ice-Age, p. 464). 



The evidence then of those areas where the Pleistocene beasts 

 occur, but not the Drift, confirms that of those places where the 

 Drift occurs but not the animals. 



Lastly, we have to deal with that zone whei'e both occur and 

 where, so far as I know, the Drift always overlies the Mammoth 

 beds when the latter are in situ. Here we find precisely what we 

 should expect to find if a great diluvial movement had distributed 

 the materials formed in the glaciated highlands, and the very reverse 

 of what we should expect to find if the Drift had been distributed 

 by ice. The rush of waters as it went along would seize upon the 

 loose debris and incoherent beds from every district which it passed 

 over, and incorporate them with the mud and other loads which it 

 was carrying along. Thus we find molar teeth and other bones of 

 Mammoth, etc., which must have been lying about in a fresh un- 

 weathered condition, and we find logs of timber occurring in the 

 Boulder-clay itself and in the associated beds, and occurring there, 

 no doubt, as true boulders, just as we may find Ammonites from the 

 Lias and Oolitic fossils, together with masses of granite and other 

 primitive rocks in the Boulder-clay of the Eastern Counties. Thus 



