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J. E. Marr — Physiography of Lakeland. 



object during our walk, and which here appears to close up the 

 valley : of this more anon. 



On the side of the stream, opposite Swindale Head Farm, a 

 prominent cliff known as the Knott (K. Fig. 2) rises up from the 

 valley ; its top is well ice-worn, but the lower part of the cliff, 

 protected from the ice flowing down the valley, is rough and 

 angular. To the south of the farm we come across a fine moraine, 

 which has once blocked the drainage and formed a lake, now con- 

 verted into a marsh, called Dod Bottom. This moraine is here seen 



Fig. 1. 



to have plastered the south side of the Knott (i.e. the side facing the 

 direction from which the ice came), so that, but for the appearance 

 of two ice-worn knobs of rock at the top, anyone coming down the 

 valley might suppose that the Knott was entirely composed of 

 moraine-matter. Just south of the Knott is a large boulder, known 

 as the Simon Stone. So much for one of the prettiest exhibitions of 

 glacial action to be found in the district ; let us now return to the 

 structure of the valley, apparently hemmed in by cliffs at its head. 

 The great cliffs south of Swindale Head are reft down the middle 

 by a narrow gulley (having the far from euphonious name of 

 Hobgrumble Gill), down which a small stream pours from the hill 

 known as Howes, of which these cliffs form the north face. The 

 main stream, however, enters the valley from its east side, descend- 

 ing the cliffs in a series of waterfalls, which, notwithstanding the 

 volume of water, have done very little work in the way of cutting a 

 valley. This part of the stream is called " The Forces " (F. Fig. 2). 

 Climbing to the top of it we enter a desolate part of the valley, 

 up which we walk for about a mile in a southerly direction, after 

 which it turns sharply to the left and proceeds for nearly two miles 



