544 J. E. Marr — Physiography of Lakeland. 



a more pronounced set running N.N.W.-S.S.E. (see arrow at foot 

 of Hawes water, Fig. 1). 



These various phenomena are best explained by supposing that 

 the Lake District ice at first extended far to the eastward, producing 

 the faint sci'atches at Haweswater, and the eastward distribution of 

 Shap boulders over Stainmoor, and that as the Lake District ice 

 shrank, the ice from the northward (either South Scottish ice, or 

 ice from the northern part of the Lake District diverted southward 

 by the Scotch ice) extended southward, curving round the high 

 ground on the east side of the Lake District, forming the prominent 

 strige at the foot of Haweswater, bloclcing up the Wet Sleddale Valley, 

 and carrying the southerly train of Shap boulders to Kendal and 

 Lancaster. (The replacement of a mass of ice from the heart of 

 the Lake District by one coming from the northward is also main- 

 tained by Mr. Dakyns, for different reasons, in the paper referred 

 to above.) 



But to return to the flat-topped watershed : Could it not have 

 been formed during a period of submergence ? If an arm of the 

 sea extended up Wet Sleddale and Mosedale, might not the condition 

 of things above described have been produced ? The deposit no 

 doubt might, but how is the Mosedale drainage to be deflected from 

 Wet Sleddale to Swindale by this ? However, the main objection 

 is the local nature of the deposit ; no sign of marine deposit is to 

 be detected in the lowland valley of Swindale, which would be 

 admirably adapted for receiving and preserving sea-sediment, nor 

 do the neighbouring valleys give any proofs of an incursion of the 

 sea, for I hold that the observations of Tiddeman, Goodchild, Dakyns, 

 and Strahan have abundantly proved that the distribution of boulders 

 in this district is not the result of marine action, but of land-ice. 

 It is incumbent upon anyone who maintains that these boulders 

 have been carried by floating ice, to account not only for the carrying 

 of the Brockram blocks of the Eden Valley over Stainmoor, as 

 described by Mr. Goodchild, but also the entire absence of Shap 

 granite boulders in the Lune Gorge below Tebay, as described by 

 Mr. Strahan. 



To sum up : — 1. The physiography of Mosedale suggests that it 

 once formed part of Wet Sleddale and not, as now, of Swindale. 



2. Mosedale is separated from Wet Sleddale by a flat-topped 

 watershed, which gives evidence of having been formed by the 

 deposition of superficial materials under water, and the distribution 

 of this superficial material leads one to suppose that if it were 

 removed we should find that Mosedale again formed practically a 

 continuation of Wet Sleddale. 



3. The presence of water other than the sea requires a dam 

 across the Wet Sleddale Valley, below the point to which the 

 superficial accumulation extends. 



4. The only dam that can have existed here is a temporary one, 

 such as would be formed by ice. 



5. The distribution of the strige and of the Shap granite boulders, 

 points to a mass of ice coming from the north down the low ground on 



