256 H. W.Pearson — Oscillations of Sea-level. 



Earth," p. 531). "Borre, a village (in Denmark) now lost amidst 

 the Fens, stood on the beach in 1510" ("The Earth and its 

 Inhabitants," Europe, vol. v, p. 54). "These mountains [of 

 Spitzbergen] increase in bulk every year, so as to be plainly 

 discoverable. Leonin was surprised to find on the hill, about 

 a league from the seaside, a small mast of a ship with one of its 

 pulleys still fastened to it" (written in 1646; see Journ. Eoy. 

 Geog. Soc, 1873, p. 252). "The waters over which the French 

 expedition measured an arc of the Meridian (Tornea, Sweden, 

 1736-1737) are now replaced by meadows " (Phillips, " Manual 

 of Geology," ^. 326). The general and recent so-called upheaval 

 of Scandinavia, having been demonstrated so thoroughly through 

 modern textbooks, I will make no further reference thereto. 



Caligula erected a.d. 51 a huge tower a mile from the coast near 

 Boulogne, France ; in 1544 this tower was only 200 yards from the 

 coast ("Antiquities of Hastings," p. 13). Aigues Mortes, a seaport 

 in the thirteenth century, is now five miles inland (Smyth, " The 

 Mediterranean," p. 13). "Some of the present vineyards of Agde 

 were covered by the sea only a century ago " (written about 1850 ; 

 ibid., p. 13). "The Tower of Pignaux (Lyell, Tignaux) erected 

 on the shore in 1737 ; now a French mile from it " (Milner, " Gallery 

 of Nature," p. 398). " The old port of Talmont, where Henry IV 

 embarked his artillery (1411), has become dry land" ("The Earth 

 and its Inhabitants," Europe, vol. ii, p. 210). The tower built by 

 Michael Angelo in 1567 on the very edge of the coast (at mouth of 

 Tiber) is now 2,250 yards inland (Lanciani, "Ancient Eome," 

 p. 235). On the west side of the Gulf of Taranto a tower erected 

 by the Angevine kings (fourteenth and fifteenth centuries) on the 

 coast is now above a mile distant from shore (Smyth, " The Medi- 

 terranean," p. 36). Poingdestre, writing in 1685, says, "A portion 

 of the Jersey Isles became submerged in 1356." "The Ecrehous 

 and Dirouilles, on the north-east of Jersey, are known to have 

 been much more extensive than at present ; they also sunk probably 

 in 1356" (E. A. Peacock in Eep. Brit. Assoc, 1865, p. 70). 



The city of Foah at the commencement of the fifteenth century 

 was on the Canopic, mouth of the Nile, now more than a mile inland 

 (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. iv, p. 346). 



J. E. Davis says that embankments built near Tremadoc, Wales, 

 since the sixteenth century now rendered useless by the recession of 

 the sea (ibid., vol. ii, p. 74). Captain Marcus Jones, of Portmadoc, 

 Wales, informed me April 12th, 1898, that his father, he thinks 

 about the close of last century or the first of this, went with a boat 

 to a place under Tynyberllan, a short distance to the south-east of 

 Wern, Tremadoc, to fetch a load of American timber. To allow this 

 to be done the sea must necessarily have stood several feet higher 

 than at present, Wern being now at least three miles from the sea. 

 Mr. F. L. Edwards, Harlech, Wales, in April, 1898, informed me 

 that he saw, twenty years before, an old lady who, when she was 

 a little girl, visited an aunt in a cottage (Cafinrhyn) about 2| miles 

 north of Harlech. During the night the tide came up and she 



