Professor Charles Lapworth, LL.D., F.E.S, 293 



more complicated movement, carried on through a longer period, over 

 a greater area, and to a higher degree than in the south. Hence he 

 started work in 1882 in the Durness-Eriboll district of the Scottish 

 Highlands, working after the same model as before, by selecting 

 definite bands of rock, zoning them, and running them as clues 

 through the complex. Here, however", fossils ceased to be the guide, 

 and it was only by noticing lithological dififerences that the selected 

 strata could be individualized and recognized from point to point. 

 These were mapped in detail, as before, in order to bring out the 

 structure. In a short time Lapworth had ascertained the true 

 succession amongst the unaltered rock-formations, and made out 

 enough of the tectonic facts to destroy once for all the old idea 

 of an upward succession into the so-called ' newer gneiss.' The 

 structure was of Alpine character, and " the stratigraphical 

 phenomena identical with those developed by Rogers, Suess, 

 Heim, and Brogger in extra-British mountain regions." These 

 results were published in 1883 in the earlier pages of " The 

 Secret of the Highlands." In the later pages he introduced, 

 summarized, and discussed the phenomena and principles of 

 mountain structure developed in Helm's great work on " Gebirgs- 

 bildung," in preparation for the understanding of the higher stages 

 of the Highland work. Corresponding stratigraphical results had 

 been simultaneously obtained by Callaway in the Assj'nt district, 

 and the Geological Survey began their mapping of the North-West 

 Highlands. The Surveyors followed the zonal method, obtained 

 the same non-metamorphic succession, and in the course of a few 

 years not only demonstrated the Alpine structure of the region, but 

 proved the existence of some of the grandest and most important 

 phenomena known to the world of geology. It is to be hoped that 

 at no distant date we may see in a Survey Memoir on the Highlands 

 a worthy companion volume to the great Upland Memoir. 



Lapworth returned to the Highlands in the following Summer, 

 but the plain living and hard thinking brought on a serious illness 

 which prevented him from writing further on the tectonic side of 

 the subject. But not before he had reached conclusions on dynamic 

 metamorphism somewhat similar to those arrived at on other 

 grounds by Lessen in the Harz and Lehmann in the Erzgebirge. 

 These views were summarized in a short paper published by the 

 Geologists' Association (1885), and more fully developed later on in 

 his edition of Page's " Introduction to Geology " and elsewhere. 



When Professor Lapworth went to Birmingham it was thought 

 that the fossiliferous Llandovery rocks of the Lickey Hills were the 

 oldest rocks in the Central Midlands. But in the year 1882, aware 

 that the earlier geologists had paralleled the quartzites of Nuneaton 

 and the Lickey with those of the Wrekin and Caradoc, which had 

 later on been shown by Callaway to be at least older than the 

 Upper Cambrian, he suggested that these rocks were probably the 

 outstanding parts of a buried land surface older than the Silurian. 

 In less than a month actual proofs of this view were discovered at 

 the Lickey by Mr. F. T. S. Houghton and by Lapworth himself. 



