Dr. C. W. Andrews — Extinct Ec/i/ptum Vertebrates. 407 



Bradytherium grave,^ Andrews. (Figs. 3 and 4.) 



Another very remarkable animal from the lower beds is an 

 enormously heavily built ungulate, which in many respects re- 

 sembles Dinotherium, but in others reminds one of some of the 

 gigantic Amblypoda of North America. 



The mandible is shown in Fig. 3a and b. It will be seen that 

 it is a very massive structure. Its inferior border beneath the 

 molar series is convex, and immediately beneath the front of the 

 anterior premolar it bears a stout tuberosity which is directed 

 outward, downward, and forward, and is somewhat similar to the 

 protuberances occurring in the same place in some Dinocerata. In 

 front of this process the lower border of the jaw slopes upward, 

 and forms the floor of the socket for the large tusk-like procumbent 

 incisors. The dental foramen is situated beneath the anterior 

 premolar, and there seem to be two smaller foramina farther back. 

 The coronoid process rises from the middle of the ramus at the level 

 of m. 2. Its greatly thickened border slopes somewhat forward, 

 and rises some 11 cm. above the crowns of the teeth. It then turns 

 back at right angles, but is broken away posteriorly, as also are 

 both the condylar and angular regions. The symphysis is very long 

 (Fig. 3b), commencing beneath m. 1 ; its upper surface is spout- 

 like and narrows rapidly anteriorly, so that the anterior premolars 

 are only about 5 or 6 cm. apart. In front the pair of large tusk-like 

 incisors are almost in contact in the middle line. 



As just mentioned, there was a pair of large tusks, procumbent 

 in position, and close together in the middle line. In this specimen 

 the broken base of the tooth is in situ on the left side, while 

 on the right the alveolus is empty. It is possible that there 

 may have been a second pair of small incisors above the large 

 ones, but the evidence of this is not clear. Behind the incisors is 

 a diastema of about 13 cm. The portion of the alveolar border 

 bearing the cheek-teeth is raised considerably above the diastema. 

 There were three premolars, of which the anterior one (p.m. 2) has 

 a triangular crown ; it appears to have three roots, of which one 

 is anterior, the other two arranged transversely posteriorly. The 

 next two (pm. 3 and pm. 4) have quadrate crowns, apparently 

 bilophodont, and four roots. The first molar is greatly broken ; 

 it had four roots. The second is bilophodont, and the crown is 

 somewhat longer than broad ; there are four roots. The last 

 (Fig. 3c) consists of two transverse crests and a large talon : ia 

 this also there seem to have been only four roots, the postero- 

 external one being enlarged to support the talon. All these teeth 

 are greatly worn, especially on the outer side. They are also 

 greatly damaged by exposure to drifting sand. The upper cheek- 

 teeth are also much damaged : those of the left side are shown in 

 Fig. 4. The anterior premolar (pm. 2) is broken on its inner side : 

 it seems to have had three roots, and its crown narrowed con- 

 siderably in front, pm. 3 and pm. 4 are both four-rooted, and their 



> " Tageblatt des V luternationaleu Zoologen- Congresses," Berlin, No, 6, 

 August 16th, 1901, p. 4. 



