14 B. B. Woodward — Drift, etc., Neicqnai/, Cornwall. 



firmly adherent. At this point the vertical cylindrical piping begins 

 to be noticeable. Over these sands there is 3 to 5 feet of ' head,' 

 whose upper surface slopes westwards, and the western two-thirds 

 of the promontory is capped by tlie remains of a big hill-wash-dune. 

 The base of this is formed by the Helix nemoralis zone, as the earlier 

 phase may be conveniently termed, and at first this is at the top of 

 the cliff just under the surface soil. 



Further on the later phase is represented. 



At one point {b), viewed from the beach, it looks as if there were 

 two layers of ' head ' separated by a thick seam of sand. A close 

 inspection, however, shows that the upper is a lenticular mass of 

 remade 'head,' that had somehow been washed down from the higher 

 ground behind and become incorporated in the iipper part of the 

 hill-wash-dune The section reads as follows : — 



ft. in. 



1. Top soil with land shells (where it rests on 2) 1 



2. Lenticular mass ot remade ' head ' : at its thickest ... ... 1 6 



3. Sand with few land shells 2 



4. Shell seam with plentiiul remains of if !/<J^«s .. ... ... 2 



5. Sand with i/e/ja: we;«ora/is ... ... ... ... ... 1 



6. ' Head.' 



Nearer tbe head of the promontory (B on map) the section is : — 



ft. in. 



1. Sand with land shells ... 4 



2. Seam of numerous land shells .. ... ... ... ... 6 



3. Sand with few land shells thinning out eastwards and disappearing 9 



4. Seam of land shells with i/yf'i/M*... ... ... ... ... 4 



5. San, i with Helix nemoralis ... ... ... ... ... 1 6 



6. ' Head.' 



More examples of Littorina ohtusata were obtained from the upper 

 sands here than at any other spot on the headland. 



The end of the promontory itself is much stepped by slipping and 

 weathering, the expose' I margins of the hill wash-dune bearing no 

 relation to the nia-<s of it that lies behind on the promontory itself. 



Turning round the northern face and going towards the steps at 

 C, the cut-away edge of a dime gives some 4 feet of sand with land 

 shells, that is reduced to 2 feet at the steps. In neither spot, 

 however, were traces of the Helix nemoralis zone observable. 



At the head of the little cove, however, where the public path 

 comes near the edge at D (see also Fig. 1), a little section of about 

 a foot or so by the side of the path, where a dune is just cut into, 

 shows masses of broken slate mixed at one point with sand and con- 

 taining Helix nemoralis and other shells . see table at end). 



Turning westwards again along the northern side of the cove, the 

 ' head ' is found at the top of the section, and just behind, inland, there 

 is a large dune. Seawards the top of the 'head' slopes down again 

 slightly, and the Helix nemorali>i zone comes on with 1 foot or 1 ft. 6 in. 

 of upper sands over it at the corner, E. 



The next small piece of cliff is practically parallel with the sea 

 front and about 50 yards in length. It affords almost, if not quite, 

 the most interesting section in the district (Fig. 1). A big hill- wash- 

 dune has been cut into, the highest point of which is towards the 

 northern end (F), and the section is better read from north to south. 



