102 Hugh J. L. Beadnell — Flowing Wells, Kharga Oasis. 



"Warwick, a tootli of Ceratodtis lavissimus, Miall, has been found, so 

 that fresh water, probably a river, must have been there. The dunes 

 were, perhaps, not only sea-dunes but also sand-waves advancing 



Fig. 3. — Large section (much reduced) in the largest of the quarries near 

 Bromsgrove, Worcestershire. (The dotted spaces are fossil sand dunes, 

 the hatched spaces are shales in two different corners of the same great 

 cliff.) 



eastwards from the great and perhaps partly desert-covered Atlantic 

 continent to the border of the salt-swamps and brackish bays of the 

 Anfflo-German region. 



IV. — Flowing Wells and Sub-Sueface Water in Kharga Oasis. 

 By Hugh John Llewellyn Beadnell, Assoc. R.S.M., F.G.S. 

 (PLATE VII.) 

 (Concluded from the February Number, page 57.) 



rriHE possibility of obtaining, under certain conditions, flowing wells 

 J_ from these sandstones ^ has been brought to my notice by the 

 discovery that in the neighbourhood of El Der, on the east side of the 

 depression, flowing water is obtainable from comparatively shallow 

 wells sunk on the crest of the anticlinal fold, which runs north and 

 south through that district, through the red shales to the underlying 

 surface-water sandstone (see section).- I am unable to speak positively 

 of the original depth of the ancient wells in this district, but when one 

 of those to the north of El Der was taken in baud, cleaned out and 

 cased, flowing water was met with at a depth of 65 metres, below 

 which untouched ground was struck. The flow increased on drilling 

 a few metres into the sandstone rock below, and the bore has now 

 given a fairly steady discharge of about 40 gallons per minute for over 

 twelve months. 



The water appears to be derived from the surface-water sandstone, 

 though here on a line of disturbance it would not be safe to disregard 

 the possibility of the presence of fissures through which the water 

 might rise directly from the artesian-Avater sandstones below. If, as 

 appears to be the case from the depth of the bore and position of the 



' See ante, p. 56. 

 2 Ante, p. 55. 



