Revieics — Professor E. Haug^s Geology. . 229 



dealt with. Under continental conditions there are deposits subaerial, 

 alluvial, and laguno-lacustrine ; so nnder marine conditions there are 

 deposits neritic, bathyal, and abyssal. In the Erench language, as 

 remarked by the author, there is no single word to express the adjective 

 * shallow ' : peu frofond seems to be the usual term. He employs the 

 word 'neritic' to indicate the truly littoral formations, remarking that 

 the higher marginal deposits of ancient seas have nearly always been 

 destroyed by subsequent erosion, so that the actual extent of strata 

 preserved seldom corresponds to the limits of the ancient sea. 



We turn now to the consideration of Geanticlinals and Geosynclinals ; 

 to areas of synclinal depression and deposition, and their relation to 

 continental areas. The Pacific is described as a depression having 

 a convex form, suggesting that it was an ancient continental site. 



Metamorphism and the crystalline schists or crystallophyllian 

 formations, plications and dislocations, fan-structure, erosion- thrusts, 

 and torsion come in for due treatment. Here, as elsewhere, the 

 examiner will find a mine of helpful terms. " What is meant by 

 a Dissymmetric Brachyanticlinal ? " would, for instance, be a capital 

 question. The diagrams and views of folds and thrusts are very good, 

 but some of the views might with advantage have been accompanied 

 by explanatory diagrams in the text. 



Yolcanic phenomena and earthquakes are very fully treated both in 

 text and illustration ; and the views of the eruption of Vesuvius in 

 1906 and of the destruction caused by the Japanese earthquake 

 of 1891 are striking and effective. 



It is remarked that there is nothing to indicate with certainty that 

 the volcanoes of Auvergne are extinct. Vesuvius in ancient times was 

 not regarded as a volcano, until it awoke in a.d. 79. While generous 

 acknowledgment is given to the work of others, we miss (on p. 260) a 

 reference to the Eeport on the Eruptions of the Soufriere in St. Vincent, 

 by Dr. Tempest Anderson and Dr. J. S. Flett (1902), although the 

 " Volcanic Studies " of the former are noted in the bibliographic list. 



Fumaroles, geysers, metalliferous veins, the origin of petroleum, and 

 other subjects of practical interest are dealt with ; including the depth 

 to which water can penetrate in the rocky crust, the nappe phreatiqiie^ 

 which may be intei'preted as the plane of saturation or water-table, 

 springs, and the action of subterranean water. Glyptogenesis, or the 

 sculpturing of the earth's surface, is naturally attractive, whether in 

 the form of corrasion or corrosion, chemical or mechanical water- 

 action. There are good figures of honeycomb (alveolar or cellular) 

 weathering, of decomposed basalts, of sand erosion, and of the 

 remarkable wall of Tanaron in the Basse-Alpes, which recalls to mind 

 the structural features of the ridge of tilestones near Llandeilo. The 

 view of sand-dunes in the Sahara is excellent. 



The action of running Avater (ablation), the meanders of rivers, the 

 base-level of erosion, and other matters relating to potamology receive 

 illustration and explanation. There are fine views of river gorges and 

 also of glaciers, and the brief remarks on the excavation by glacial 

 action of certain valleys and of fjoids, afterwards occupied by sea, are 

 treated with due indication of divergent opinions. 



The final chapter deals with marine erosion, with beach lines, and 

 the questions of oscillation of land and sea. 



