Notices of Memoirs — Prof. Cole — Outliers Coad of Kerry. 463 



distributed throughout the overlying boulder-clay might reasonably 

 have been expected to occur amongst the large number of boulders 

 found in the various passages. No such pebble has, however, been 

 found. The inference, therefore, on more or less negative evidence, 

 is that the cave was formed in pre-Glacial times. 



The bird remains found in the cave call for no special remarks. 

 More than half are referable to the domestic fowl, turkey, and duck, 

 though some of the latter may belong to the wild form. Like the 

 bones of the rook, which are also numerous, they may have been 

 brought in recentlj^ by foxes. The remainder all belong to such 

 species as are now found in the neighbourhood. 



The mammalian remains are of a very different character. It is 

 true that the bones of the rabbit, sheep, ox, horse, pig, fox, cat, and 

 rat seem mostly of comparatively recent origin. By far the greatest 

 number of the bones found belong to the reindeer and bear. The 

 exceedingly numerous bone splinters, the gnawed bones of reindeer, 

 and the presence of many bones of old and young hysenas seem to 

 indicate coexistence in Ireland of the latter and the typically Arctic 

 species. The hyaena, which had not previously been known to have 

 ever inhabited Ireland, is closely related to that now living in South 

 Africa. Other animals, whose remains were probably dragged into 

 the cave bj^ hyaenas, are the mammoth, Gigantic Irish deer, red deer, 

 and wolf. Among the smaller mammals the bones and teeth of 

 the Arctic Lemming {Dicrostonyx torquatus) and of the Scandinavian 

 Lemming {Lemmus lemmus) are very abundant. They may have 

 been brought in by the Arctic fox. 



No human remains or implements were found except parts of modern 

 iron tools and charred wood, indicating the presence of man only 

 within quite recent times. 



In so far as Ireland is not generally believed to have been joined to 

 England by land in Glacial or post-Glacial times, the presence in the 

 country of the mammoth, Gigantic Irish deer, and hyaena apparently 

 confii-ms the opinion, arrived at from geological evidence, that Castle- 

 pook Cave must be a pre-Glacial one. This view is supported by the 

 absence of manj- animals from Ireland which seem to have made 

 their first appearance in England during the Glacial period. 



III. — Pkobable Ceetaceous and Cainozoic Outliers off the Coast 



OF Co. Kekry.^ By Professor Grenville A. J. Cole, F.G.S. 

 rpHE dredgings made since 1901 by the Fisheries Branch of the 

 X Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland 

 have amply supported the conclusions then put forward,- to the effect 

 that the geological structure of the sea-floor off western Ireland can 

 be deduced from a study of the stones lying on it from point to point. 

 The most interesting recent results are the discovery of abundant 

 flints, chalk, glauconitic chalk, and two specimens of Milioline lime- 

 stone in dredgings off the coast of Kerry. Mr. Worth's observations 

 in 1908 on similar materials in the English Channel thus receive 



^ Read before the British Association, Section C (Geology), Dublin, Sept. 1908. 

 2 Cole and Crook, Report on Fisheries of Ireland for 1901. 



