Pkimitive Man. 73 



from Mauer near Heidelberg-, from Soria in Spain, from thc 

 Xerbudda valley in India, and from the Pithecanthropus beds 

 in Java, it seems (at least to me) that there is a quite extra- 

 ordinary resemblance. 



The pliocene survivals are not always the same, but there 

 is in each of these faunas the same jumble of apparently 

 incompatible animals. Also in each of these deposits two at 

 least of the three animals most characteristic of the (iunz- 

 .\Iindel interg^lacial ep(xMi occur. So, to my mind, the Pilt- 

 down skull, the Heidelberj^- jaw, and the instruments of Soria 

 are probably the remains of the very first human invasion of 

 Europe in the Gunz-Mindel interglacial. That hypothesis at 

 any rate explains the facts. 



In the next interj^-lacial (Mindel-Riss) remains of man- 

 kind become numerous. To this ag-e is usually ascribed the 

 Chellean tools which have been discovered in most parts of 

 the world. No skull of Chellean man has yet been found. 

 It is, however, probable that the Chelleans lived through the 

 next or Rissian ice age, and became the men of Neanderthal 

 of the succeeding Riss-Wiirm interglacial, for there seems to 

 be a sort of continuity in the various stages of workmanship 

 from Chellean throug-h Aucheulean, to Moustierian, and with 

 the last industry the remains of Neanderthal man are asso- 

 ciated. If so, we may perhaps suppose that the first Nean- 

 derlhalers, in a Chellean stage of civilisation, entered F^urope 

 with the usual elephants and other thick-skinned animals dur- 

 ing the Mindel-Riss interglacial. It may have been that 

 another group of this early type wandered into Australia at 

 about the same period. 



The Neanderthaler type, with its heavy jaw, thick skull, 

 bony projections over the eyes, huge teeth, and less developed 

 brain surface is now quite well known. 



The Riverdrift man may have been a Neanderthaler. 

 -Amongst other well-known fossils of this race are the men of 

 St. Brclade, in Jersey, the skulls of Spy, La Chapelle, La 

 Ferrassie, La Quina, Hauser's Moustieriensis, and the jaw 

 of La Naulette. 



But although Neanderthalensis vanished as a sepa- 

 rate race before the Wiirm Ice Age, he has left descendants 



