74 Primitive Man. 



in Europe. M. vStolyhwo discovered several skulls with dis- 

 tinct Neanderthal features in Russia. The skull of Brunn, 

 to which many specimens of later date seem to be allied, is 

 also apparently that of a man of this ancient stock. De 

 Quatrefag-es, even, thought he distinguished traces of him in 

 Robert the Bruce. This strenuous savage, after he had sur- 

 vived the Riss Ice Age, had to endure competition with 

 :several formidable rivals. 



During the Riss-Wiirm interglacial there seem to have 

 been two African and one Asiatic invasion of Europe. By 

 far the most important of these newcomers were the people 

 who were to become the race of Cromagnon. They are 

 .represented in England by the " Red Lady " of Paviland 

 'Cave, and perhaps by the Galley Hill, Bury St. Edmunds, 

 and Tilbury skulls. So far as I have followed the evidence, 

 all these skulls belonged probably to a local variety of the 

 Cromagnon race. On the Continent many skeletons belong- 

 ing to this group ha^e been discovered, especially at Mentone, 

 in the Riviera, in Dordogne, and elsewhere. Thev were a 

 'fine, virile, muscular people, often six feet in height, with 

 St ong chins and large, well-shaped skulls of good capacity. 

 Their astonishing proficiency in drawing, engraving-, and 

 painting shows unusual artistic ability. Moreover, from some 

 burials of this age, the reasonable inference is that they 

 believed in a future life and were capable of affection and hero- 

 worship. How else can one explain the numerous flint tools, 

 representing priceless wealth, the marrow bones, and careful 

 arrangement of the body in some of their burials? They were 

 al?'^ fond of personal ornament, which means that they were 

 not morose, lonely savages. 



Besides the Cromagnon race, the " negroids " of 

 Grimaldi show that a quite different people had reached the 

 Riviera in the Riss-Wiirm interglacial. There is a strong 

 similarity in their interments to those of the Cromagnon 

 people. It may be that they accompanied the latter, perhaps 

 as slaves, or as g-amekeepers, or possibly as wizards. That 

 they did so is shown by the fact that traces of the Negroid 

 Grimaldi strain have been found in several skulls of much 

 later date, perhaps even in people still living. 



