160 Dumfries : Its Burghal Origin. 



the Queen of Scotland's dowry. Correctly or incorrectly, 

 to round off our list of five points notable, there is even 

 mention of a shire of Rutherg-len. Glasgow in David's day 

 was a poor little village honoured as containing the tomb 

 of St. Mungo, but as yet within the toll-bounds and under 

 the thumb of Rutherglen. From Rutherglen to Carlisle, 

 between them and the firths of Clyde and Solway, there 

 seem to have been no royal burghs. Carlisle was virtually 

 David's capital : there latterly he lived, and there he died 

 — facts typifying the southern motive power so active then. 

 It was from Norman England that the great feudal move- 

 ment of the twelfth century proceeded. 



The " sair sanct " passed away; Malcolm the Maiden 

 followed him. It is not till after William the Lion's acces- 

 sion that we find the conclusive mens burgus of a king 

 applied to the town of Lanark. There are different char- 

 acteristics here from those of Rutherglen. The subject area 

 of the burgh (in after times at least) is small. There is, 

 however, a royal castle, of which the mote-like mound 

 remains ; subject to the castle is a large part of Lanarkshire, 

 which we may reckon as coterminous with the Upper 

 Ward. Lanark, like Rutherglen, is a castellany ; and many 

 a baron or knight of the shire holds his land by castleward. 



Ayr, again, is still more absolutely William the Lion's 

 creation. In 1197 there was made, the Melrose chronicle 

 tells, the Novum opidum between Doon and Ayr. King 

 William called it his Novum. Castellum, and by charter dated 

 between 1202 and 1207, declared that " at his new castle 

 upon Are he had made a burgh," with extensive toll and 

 trade jurisdictions as far east as Loudonhill, as far south 

 as Lachtalpin in Wigtownshire, bounds which were the 

 limits of the great wild shire vaguely counted part of the 

 Galloway of early history. As a castellany it accompanied 

 those of Lanark and Rutherglen in the warrandice of the 

 dowry of Alexander II. 's bride. 



Circuitously we reach Dumfries, not needing to tarry 

 either at Wigtown or Kirkcudbright by the way, as to all 

 seeming these were not burghs yet. If Lord Hailes con- 

 cluded wisely that the castle at Ayr was put up to restrain 



