154 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF 
In his latest recorded opinions, when commenting on some of the ab- 
normal forms of Peruvian crania, he remarks: “TI at first found it diffi- 
cult to conceive that the original rounded skull of the Indian could be 
changed into this fantastic form : and was led to suppose that the latter 
-was an artificial elongation of a head remarkable for its length and 
narrowness. I even supposed that the long-headed Peruvians were 
a more ancient people than the Inca tribes, and distinguished from 
them by their cranial configuration. In this opinion I was mistaken: 
Abundant means of observation and comparison have since convinced 
me that all these variously-formed heads were originally of the same 
Shape, which is characteristic of the aboriginal race from Cape Horn 
to Canada, and that art alone has caused the diversities among them.”* 
The repeated opportunities I have enjoyed of examining the Morton- 
jan and other American collections, have satisfied me of the occur- 
rence of both dolichocephalic and brachycephalic crania not only as 
the characteristics of distinct tribes, but also among the contents of 
the same Peruvian cemeteries,—unot as examples of extreme latitudes 
of form in a common race, but as the results of the admixture either of 
conquering and subject races, or of distinct classes of nobles and serfs, 
most generally resulting from the predominance of conquerors.t 
Among the Peruvians the elongated cranium pertained to the domi- 
nant race; and some of the results of later researches in primitive 
British cemeteries, and especially the disclosures of the remarkable 
class of chambered barrows, seem to point to an analogous condition 
of races. That the Uley and West Kennet skulls may have been 
laterally compressed, while the Codford barrow and other brachy- 
cephalic skulls have been affected in the opposite direction, appears 
equally probable. But such artificial influences only very partially 
account for the great diversity of type; and no such causes, even if 
brought to bear in infancy, could possibly convert the one into the 
other form. 
But as the cranial forms, both of the Old and New World, betray 
evidences of modification by such artificial means ; so also we find in an- 
cient Africa a diverse form of head, to which art may have contributed, 
solely by leaving it more than usually free from all extraneous influ- 
ences. Such at least is the conclusion suggested to my mind from the 
examination of a considerable number of Egyptian skulls. Among 
familiar relics of domestic usages of the ancient Egyptians is the pil- 
* Physical Type of the American Indian. Schooleraft: p. 326. 
+ Prehistoric Man, vol. ii. p. 225. 
