316 THE GORILLA. 
and that of the Quadrumana, as seen in its highest form in the Gorilla. In a 
paper published as an appendix to his lecture on Sir Robert Reade’s foundation, 
delivered before the University of Cambridge in 1859, Owen had fully given his 
reasons for continuing to place the Ourangs above the long armed apes, and for 
regarding the Gorilla as the highest known dévelopment of Quadrumana. He 
now, therefore, by means of a cast from the interior of the Gorilla’s skull, brings 
the brain of this animal, which may be taken as the nearest approach to man, 
into direct comparison with the Human, and he considers the result as confirm— 
ing hig previous conclusions. ‘‘In the brain of man the posterior lobes of the 
cerebrum overlap, to a considerable extent, the cerebellum; whereas in the 
Gorilla the posterior lobes of the cerebrum do not project beyond the lobes of 
the cerebellum. The posterior lobes in the one are prominent and well-marked, 
in the other deficient. He had placed man—owing to the prominence of the. 
posterior lobes of his brain, the existence of a posterior cornu in the lateral 
ventricles, and the presence of a hippocampus minor in the posterior cornu,— 
in a distinct subkingdom, which he had called Archencephala, between which 
and, the other members of the class Mammalia the distinctions were very 
marked, and the rise was a very abrupt one.” 
We. know not whether Professor Owen availed himself of the cast of the 
Gorilla’s brain, not merely to confirm a previous argument. but specially to 
invite the renewal of an old controversy ; however this might be, in the assembly 
he addressed he must certainly have anticipated opposition, and this was offered 
with less of moderation and respectful consideration than a sense of decorum 
seemed to demand. We refer especially to the remarks of Professor Rolleston, 
though Professor Huxley’s observations had enough of vehemence. He com- 
menced with a very just remark that “the question was partly one of facts, and 
partly one of reasoning.” .The question of fact was, what are the structural 
differences between man and the highest apes? The question of reasoning, 
what is the systematic value of those differences?” But there are difficulties 
here. A large proportion of those who are interested in such inquiries, and 
know how to appreciate evidence brought before them, have never, or very 
seldom, had the opportunity of examining the brain of any monkey, or even in 
favourable cases have seen for themselves a very small variety. They must, 
therefore, receive the facts from others, and if those on whose knowledge, skill, 
experience, and intention to make known the truth they most rely, flatly contra- 
dict one another on the most essential points, what becomes of the foundations 
of their belief, or with what advantage can they proceed to reason on the appli- 
cation of facts themselves altogether uncertain ? 
Here is Professor Huxley’s statement as reported: ‘‘ Professor Owen had made 
three distinct assertions respecting the differences which obtained between the 
brain of man and that of the highest apes. He asserted that three structures 
were ‘peculiar to and characteristic’ of man’s brain—these being the ‘posterior 
lobe,’ the ‘posterior cornu,’ and the ‘hippocampus minor.’ In a controversy 
which had lasted for some years, Professor Owen had not qualified these asser- 
tions, but had repeatedly reiterated them. He, (Professor Huxley) on the other 
hand, had controverted these statements; and affirmed, on the contrary, that. 
