450 A POPULAR EXPOSIYION OF THE 
the American States, occur with us in the form only of a few isolatea 
and inconsiderable patches. These consist of black and highly bitu- 
minous shales—the probable equivalents of the ‘Genesee slates,’’ 
referred by some observers, as already explained, to the Hamilton 
formation. The principal locality of these shales is Cape Ipperwash, 
or Kettle Point, in the township of Bosanquet on Lake Huron ; ‘but 
they occur also nearly twenty miles inland from this point, on a creek 
near Kingston Mills in the south part of the township of Warwick ; 
and also, still further inland, in the township of Brooke. The shales 
weather dull-grey, and those of Cape Ipperwash are occasionally 
coated with a yellow crust of oxalate of iron (see Parr II. under 
* Humboldtine’’). They contain large spherical concretions (with 
radiated internal structure) of carbonate of lime ; and also much iron 
pyrite$. In the shales of Kettle Point, likewise, long flattened stems 
of vegetable forms (mostly referred to the Calamites inornatus of 
Dawson) are of common occurrence; and impressions of fish scales 
are met with in those of Warwick. The thickness of the exposure 
at Kettle Point is under fifteen feet; and it is still less than this at 
the other localities. 
Carboniferous Strata.—The Bonaventure Formation.—The only 
locality at which Carboniferous strata occur in Canada is the south- 
eastern extremity of Gaspé. Exposures of great thickness range 
along the Bay of Chaleurs and the coast of Percé, and enter Gaspé 
Bay. These Carboniferous strata occur consequently, for the greater 
part, in the district of Bonaventure ; and as they make up the entire 
portion of the island of that name, off Percé, Sir William Logan has 
bestowed upon them the name of the Bonaventure Formation. They 
consist essentially of conglomerates, associated with red and brown 
sandstones and some reddish shales. ‘The conglomerates are made up 
of pebbles of limestone, sandstone, syenite, agate, quartz, and other 
rock-matters, held together by an arenaceous or partly calcareous 
cement. : Many impressions and casts of vegetable remains occur 
‘throughout this formation, but its beds are apparently destitute of coal. 
They belong to the base of the coal series, proper; and evidently 
form a portion of the northern rim of the New Brunswick coal field. 
The Bonaventure Formation rests unconformably on the Gaspé 
sandstones and limestones, and dips generally towards the south-east. 
According to Sir William Logan, it presents a total thickness of about 
300 feet. 
