165 



over the northern portion of the county of Essex. The till A'aries 

 considerably in character and composition ; at the N. extremity of 

 the section which the author exhibited, it was described as consist- 

 ing of a stiff tenacious clay, but within a short space it changed 

 to a sandy gravel, containing fishes' teeth and corals in great abun- 

 dance : the rock fragments have been derived from basaltic and se- 

 condary'- beds ; the latter afforded the fossils contained in the follow- 

 ing list, for the identification of which the author states that he 

 has been indebted to Mr. J. de C. Sowerby. Serpula illium, L. ; 

 S. tetragona, L. ; *S'. urticulata, G. S. ; S. granv.lata, C. ; Terebratula 

 riyida, U. Ch. ; T.pisum, Ch. M. ; T. striatulu, L. Ch. ; Gryphcea in- 

 curva, L. ; G. dilatata, K. C. ; Inoceramus,C; Avicula incequivalvis , L.; 

 Exogyra virgula, K. C. ; Crania striata, C. ; Pollicipes maximus, C. ; 

 Ammonites Leachii, K. C. ; A. annulatus, L. ; A. dentatus, G. ; A. 

 spinosus, K. C. ; A. serratus, O. C. ; Belemnites acvMs, L. ; B. pistil- 

 liformis, L. ; Littorina carinata, G. S.; Fentacrinites busaltiformis, L, ; 

 Encriniles moniliformis, O. The remains of fishes were, Otodus appen- 

 diculatus, C. ; Goleus pristodontus , C. ; Notidanas piristis, C. ; Odon- 

 taspis rhaphiodon, C; Hybodus, U. O., which were determined for the 

 author by Mr. S. P. Woodward. 



The Pleistocene deposit at the Copford brick-field consists, in an 

 ascending order, of a bed of black vegetable matter, or peat, from 

 six inches to one foot in thickness, resting immediately upon the 

 " till :" from this stratum the following shells were procured, which 

 were named for the author by Mr. S. P. Woodward : — Vertigo pa- 

 lustris ; V. edentula ; V. pusilla ; V. pygmea ; V. substriata ; Azeca 

 tridens ; Acme fusca ; Carychium minimum ; Zua lubrica ; Chmsilia 

 rolphii ; CI. nigricans ; CI. bidens ; Succinea pfeifferi ; S. putris ; 

 Aplexus hypnorum ; Limnius palustris ; L. truncatulus ; Planorbis 

 spirorbis ; P. vortex ; Pisidium pusillum ; Helix nemoralis ; H. hor- 

 tensis ; H, arbustorum; H. lapicida ; H. rufescens ; H. hispida ; H. 

 2julchella ; H. lamellata ; H. spinulosa ; H. fulva ; Zonites rotunda- 

 tus ; Z. ruderata ; Z. cellarius ; Z. radiatulus ; Z. nitidulus ; Z. lu- 

 ridtis ; Z. crystallinus ; Pupa anglica ; P. umhilicata ; P. marginata. 



Above the peat is a bed of clay and detritus about one foot thick, 

 containing many of the land and freshwater shells cited above ; next 

 above this is a second layer of peat with shells. 



At the southern extremity of the author's section, the order of the 

 beds was as follows : — 1. Diluvial clay, 3 feet. 2. White sand with 

 shells, 3 feet. 3. White calcareous marl with shells, together with 

 the bones of the elephant, ox and deer. 4. Peat with shells ( Val- 

 vata piscinalis) , 6 inches. .5. Blue clay with freshwater shells. 



The author suggests that this deposit is the bed of an ancient 

 pond, which occupied a depression on the surface of the till. 



A paper was afterwards read " On the Tin Mines of Tenassirim 

 Province." By Prof. Royle. 



The author commences by observing that though tin is found in 

 few parts of the world, yet that it can be clearly proved to have 

 been employed from very early historical times : he next enters 



