6 Rev. J. Clifton Ward—Geology of the Isle of Man. 
seen along the shore north of Derby Haven; Mr. Cumming con- 
nects these curves with the intrusion of igneous rocks beneath, and 
not with general movements of the whole series of deposits, as I 
should be more inclined to do. The two—igneous intrusion and 
general contortion-_may well, however, be intimately connected. 
With regard to the former greater extension of the Carboniferous 
rocks, it is difficult to say much. That they once extended well over 
the lower south-eastern portion of the island there can be but little 
doubt, and there is every reason to believe that the red sandstones 
of the shore-line north of Peel dip beneath limestone occurring a 
short way out to sea, but it would be rash to assert that all the 
older rocks were once covered by beds of Carboniferous age, and, as 
seems very probable in the Lake District area, a ridge of Silurian 
rocks may have stood well up above the sea during the whole of the 
Carboniferous period, and around this early form of the Isle of Man 
the conglomerates were piled up and the limestone beds formed. 
Post- Carboniferous.—The island contains no records, not even of 
the most fragmentary description, of any of the geological periods 
from the Carboniferous to the Glacial epoch. As in the Lake 
Country area, so here, during this long period of time, denudation 
was probably at work, in all its various forms, carving out the 
island from the Old Silurian nucleus and Carboniferous framework. 
At some period after the close of the Carboniferous, elevation and 
faulting must have occurred, by which the present relative positions 
of Carboniferous and Silurian rocks were attained, but it is impos- 
sible to say certainly when this happened or whether it may not 
have occurred more than once. Analogy with the neighbouring 
Lake District area would suggest that these movements mainly took 
place soon after the close of the Carboniferous Period or in early 
Mesozoic times. 
There*is every reason to believe that the island had much of its 
present form at the commencement of the Glacial Period, as was the 
ease with the land in Cumbria, nor was that form much modified 
during glacial times. 
The glacial deposits also do not differ from those of Cumbria. 
There is the usual stiff clay with stones, of probable ice-sheet origin, 
and stratified sands and gravels of generally more modern date than 
the clay. These sandy deposits, especially developed at the north 
end of the island, have yielded many remains of shells, and are, 
undoubtedly, for the most part marine in origin. A few miles south 
of Point of Ayre these sandy beds are contorted and even inverted, 
possibly by the grounding of icebergs. Moreover, the glacial drift 
runs up into the interior of the island in the form of gently sloping 
plateaux, such plateau-form being, as I believe, the indication of 
marine action upon the first formed Glacial Till. 
I noticed no definite moraines, nor are glaciated rock-surfaces at 
all abundant, the Skiddaw Slate generally not being a good preserver 
of glacial markings. The best example of such that I met with was 
just above Port Groudale, on the north side of Banks How, where 
the direction of the scratches was nearly north and south. Other 
